ARTICLE

ONCAMPUS DRUG CONSUMPTION EXPLORING THE TRENDS AND PATTERNS IN METROPOLITAN CITIES OF PAKISTAN

12 Pages : 118-127

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(V-IV).12      10.31703/grr.2020(V-IV).12      Published : Dec 2020

On-Campus Drug Consumption: Exploring the Trends and Patterns in Metropolitan Cities of Pakistan

    This study is aimed at inquiring trends and patterns of illicit drug consumption in educational institutions of metropolitan cities of Pakistan. The quantitative research design was employed, where data was collected from 4997 students (3940 boys and 1057 girls) of public and private schools, colleges and universities of Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar through self-administered questionnaires. The study sample was selected through multistage cluster sampling. The study found that overall (19.6%) students used any sort of drug at least once in lifetime whereas, (3.7%) were found to be daily consumers. Worrisomely, about half of the students (49.5%) had exposure to drugs in their teenage and further (7%) even under age 10. The ratio of female student's drug exposure prior to age 10 was more startling and twice higher than male. Strikingly (36%) students take drugs on campus. Findings suggest the need for taking measures to prevent the prevalence of drug use in educational institutions.

    Drug Abuse, Educational Institutions, Trends, Patterns, Teenage, Pakistan
    (1) Saba Aslam Khan
    PhD Scholar, Department of Sociology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (2) Imran Sabir
    Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (3) Rahat Shah
    PhD Scholar, Department of Sociology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
  • Abbasi, K. (2016). Schools Shocked by NGO's claim about drug use among students. The Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1291516
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties.American psychologist,55(5), 469
  • Baloch, M. (2016). Rapid increase in drug abuse. Daily Times. https://dailytimes.com.pk/38383/rapid-increase-in-drug-abuse/
  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective.Annual review of psychology,52(1), 1-26
  • Baumeister, R. F. (2017). Addiction, cigarette smoking, and voluntary control of action: Do cigarette smokers lose their free will?Addictive behaviors reports,5, 67-84
  • Bennett, T. H., & Holloway, K. R. (2015). Drug use among college and university students: findings from a national survey.Journal of Substance Use,20(1), 50-55
  • Bray, J. H., Adams, G. J., Getz, J. G., & McQueen, A. (2003). Individuation, peers, and adolescent alcohol use: A latent growth analysis.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,71(3), 553
  • Brown, D. (2017). How Pakistan succumbed to a hard-drug epidemic. The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk
  • Cleveland, M. J., Feinberg, M. E., Osgood, D. W., & Moody, J. (2012). Do peers' parents matter? A new link between positive parenting and adolescent substance use.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs,73(3), 423-433
  • DiClemente, R. J., Hansen, W. B., & Ponton, L. E. (1996). Adolescents at risk. InHandbook of adolescent health risk behavior(pp. 1-4). Springer, Boston, MA
  • Eurpeon Mnetering Centerfor Drug and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). (2007). Drug Use and Related Problems Among VeryYoung People(Under 15 Years Old). p.10
  • Hallfors, D., & Van Dorn, R. A. (2002). Strengthening the role of two key institutions in the prevention of adolescent substance abuse.Journal of adolescent health,30(1), 17-28
  • Hawkins, J. D., Graham, J. W., Maguin, E., Abbott, R., Hill, K. G., & Catalano, R. F. (1997). Exploring the effects of age of alcohol use initiation and psychosocial risk factors on subsequent alcohol misuse.Journal of studies on alcohol,58(3), 280-290
  • Hogue, A., Dauber, S., Chinchilla, P., Fried, A., Henderson, C., Inclan, J., Reigner, R.H. & Liddle, H. A. (2008). Assessing fidelity in individual and family therapy for adolescent substance abuse.Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment,35(2), 137-147
  • Ilyas, F. (2017, October 5). KP, Sindh most affected by drug use: ANF. The Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1361825
  • Javed, A. (2016, December 19). Drug overdose deaths on the rise. The Nation. http://nation.com.pk/19-Dec-2016/drug-overdose-deaths-on-the-rise
  • Jawaid, A., Zafar, A. M., Rehman, T. U., Nazir, M. R., Ghafoor, Z. A., Afzal, O., & Khan, J. A. (2008). Knowledge, attitudes and practice of university students regarding waterpipe smoking in Pakistan. The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease, 12(9), 1077-1084
  • Kandel, D. B., Yamaguchi, K., & Chen, K. (1992). Stages of progression in drug involvement from adolescence to adulthood: further evidence for the gateway theory.Journal of studies on alcohol,53(5), 447-457
  • Karachi Youth Initiative & Drug Free Pakistan Foundation. (2013). Prevalence of Substance Abuse in different areas of Karachi: An Evaluation.p.7
  • Khan, M. M., & Reza, H. (2000). The pattern of suicide in Pakistan.Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention,21(1), 31
  • Liang, W.,& Chikritzhs, T. (2015). Age at first use of alcohol predicts the risk of heavy alcohol use in early adulthood: A longitudinal study in the United States.International Journal of Drug Policy,26(2), 131-134
  • Lawrence, L.(2009). Familial and socioeconomic influences on substance abuse: An ecological smodel.The University of Minnesota Undergraduate Journal of Psychology,2, 5-10.
  • Mansoori, N., Mubeen, S. M., Mohiuddin, S. M., & Ahsan, S. (2018). Factors associated with substance abuse among male illicit drug users in rehabilitation centres of Pakistan.Annals of King Edward Medical University,24(4)
  • Masood, S., & Najam Us Sahar. (2014). An exploratory research on the role of family in youth's drug addiction.Health Psychology and BehavioralMedicine: AnOpen Access Journal,2(1), 820-832
  • Mussadaq, M. (2014, March 5). Addiction rising: Pakistani youth, high going on higher. The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk
  • Muhammad, Q.(2018, june26). Drug abuse in Pakistani youth reaches alarming levels. The News. www.thenews.com.pk/print/333733-drug-abuse-in-pakistani-youth-reaches-alarming-levels
  • Quigley, J.T. (2014, March 24). Pakistan: The most heroin addicted country in the world. The Diplomat. thediplomat.com/2014/03/pakistan-the-most-heroin-addicted-country-in-the-world
  • Sani, M. N. (2010). Drug addiction among undergraduate students of private universities in Bangladesh.Procedia-social and behavioral sciences,5, 498-50
  • Sardar, S. I. (2016). Drug Abuse: Global vs South Asian trends with special reference to India and Pakistan. Institute of Regional Studies, Islamabad, 35(1)
  • Shafiq, M., Shah, Z., Saleem, A., Siddiqi, M. T., Shaikh, K. S., Salahuddin, F. F. & Naqvi, H. (2006). Perceptions of Pakistani medical students about drugs and alcohol: a questionnaire-based survey.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy,1(1),31
  • Simons-Morton, B., & Chen, R. S. (2006). Over time relationships between early adolescent and peer substance use.Addictive behaviors,31(7), 1211-1223
  • Skara, S., & Sussman, S. (2003). A review of 25 long-term adolescent tobacco and other drug use prevention program evaluations.Preventive medicine,37(5), 451-474
  • Taremian, F., Bolhari, J., Pairavi, H., & Ghazi Tabatabaeii, M. (2008). The prevalence of drug abuse among university students in Tehran.Iranian Journal of psychiatry and clinical psychology,13(4), 335-342
  • The News. (2017, May 23). Weapons, drugs recovered from Mardan University. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/206115-Weapons-drugs-recovered-from-Mardan-University
  • UNESCO. (2017). Educational Sector Responses to the Use of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs. p.4
  • UNFPA. (2017). The state of world population 2017. p.127
  • UnitedNations Office on Drug & Crime. (2016). World Drug report
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime(UNODC)Report. (2013). Drug use in Pakistan.
  • UNODC. (2017). International standards for the Treatment of Drug use disorder. p.2
  • Wechsler, H., Kuo, M., Lee, H., & Dowdall, G. W. (2000). Environmental correlates of underage alcohol use and related problems of college students.American journal of preventive medicine,19(1), 24-29
  • Zaman, M., Razzaq, S., Hassan, R., Qureshi, J., Ijaz, H., Hanif, M., & Chughtai, F. R. (2015). Drug abuse among the students.Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research,1(1), 41-47

Cite this article

    APA : Khan, S. A., Sabir, I., & Shah, R. (2020). On-Campus Drug Consumption: Exploring the Trends and Patterns in Metropolitan Cities of Pakistan. Global Regional Review, V(IV), 118-127. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(V-IV).12
    CHICAGO : Khan, Saba Aslam, Imran Sabir, and Rahat Shah. 2020. "On-Campus Drug Consumption: Exploring the Trends and Patterns in Metropolitan Cities of Pakistan." Global Regional Review, V (IV): 118-127 doi: 10.31703/grr.2020(V-IV).12
    HARVARD : KHAN, S. A., SABIR, I. & SHAH, R. 2020. On-Campus Drug Consumption: Exploring the Trends and Patterns in Metropolitan Cities of Pakistan. Global Regional Review, V, 118-127.
    MHRA : Khan, Saba Aslam, Imran Sabir, and Rahat Shah. 2020. "On-Campus Drug Consumption: Exploring the Trends and Patterns in Metropolitan Cities of Pakistan." Global Regional Review, V: 118-127
    MLA : Khan, Saba Aslam, Imran Sabir, and Rahat Shah. "On-Campus Drug Consumption: Exploring the Trends and Patterns in Metropolitan Cities of Pakistan." Global Regional Review, V.IV (2020): 118-127 Print.
    OXFORD : Khan, Saba Aslam, Sabir, Imran, and Shah, Rahat (2020), "On-Campus Drug Consumption: Exploring the Trends and Patterns in Metropolitan Cities of Pakistan", Global Regional Review, V (IV), 118-127
    TURABIAN : Khan, Saba Aslam, Imran Sabir, and Rahat Shah. "On-Campus Drug Consumption: Exploring the Trends and Patterns in Metropolitan Cities of Pakistan." Global Regional Review V, no. IV (2020): 118-127. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(V-IV).12