Global Regional Review (GRR) is committed to maintaining high standards of academic and publication integrity. Plagiarism and other forms of academic misconduct undermine the credibility of scholarly research and the integrity of the academic publishing process. GRR therefore takes allegations of plagiarism seriously and applies appropriate measures to prevent, investigate, and address plagiarism and related forms of misconduct.

Plagiarism is the presentation of another person's words, ideas, data, images, findings, or other intellectual work as one's own without appropriate acknowledgment or citation.

Plagiarism may include, but is not limited to:

• Direct Plagiarism: Copying text or other material from another source without appropriate quotation, attribution, or permission where required.
• Paraphrasing Plagiarism: Rewriting or rephrasing another author's ideas, findings, or text without appropriate acknowledgment or citation.
• Mosaic Plagiarism: Combining phrases, sentence structures, ideas, or other material from one or more sources with only minor changes and without proper citation.
• Unacknowledged Use of Data or Visual Material: Using data, tables, figures, images, graphs, or other materials from another source without appropriate attribution or permission where required.
• Self-Plagiarism: Reusing substantial portions of one's previously published work without appropriate citation, acknowledgment, or disclosure.
• Duplicate or Redundant Publication: Submitting or publishing the same or substantially similar work in more than one publication without appropriate disclosure and editorial approval.
• Salami Publication: Inappropriately dividing the results of a single research study into multiple publications without sufficient scholarly justification.
• Source-Based Misconduct: Fabricating, misrepresenting, or materially misusing references, including citing sources that have not been consulted or providing inaccurate citations that mislead readers about the origin of information.

Authors remain responsible for ensuring that all sources, ideas, data, and other borrowed material are appropriately acknowledged.

• All submitted manuscripts are screened using an appropriate plagiarism or text-similarity detection service.
• Plagiarism screening may be conducted during the initial editorial assessment and, where necessary, at later stages of the editorial and publication process.
• GRR does not determine plagiarism solely on the basis of a similarity percentage.
• The editorial assessment considers both the similarity report and the nature, source, extent, and context of the identified overlap.
• Properly cited quotations, references, commonly used terminology, standard phrases, and other legitimate similarities may contribute to a similarity score without constituting plagiarism.
• A manuscript with a low similarity score may still be rejected if significant plagiarism or other academic misconduct is identified.
• Authors may be asked to provide an explanation or supporting information where significant or questionable similarities are identified.

• GRR uses an overall similarity index of 10% as a general guideline for editorial screening.
• Manuscripts exceeding this level may be subject to additional editorial assessment, revision, or rejection depending on the nature and extent of the identified similarities.
• The 10% threshold is not an automatic acceptance or rejection criterion.
• Similarity arising from references, properly quoted material, standard terminology, commonly used phrases, or other legitimate sources may be considered separately during editorial assessment.
• Editorial decisions are based on the overall assessment of the manuscript and the nature of the identified overlap.

• All manuscripts submitted to GRR are screened using an appropriate plagiarism or text-similarity detection service.
• Screening may identify textual overlap with scholarly publications, books, conference proceedings, dissertations, institutional repositories, and other relevant online sources.
• Authors are responsible for providing accurate citations and acknowledgments for all borrowed ideas, text, data, figures, tables, and other material.
• Authors are responsible for obtaining permission where required to reproduce copyrighted material.
• Plagiarism-detection software is used as a screening and assessment tool and does not replace independent editorial judgment.

Preliminary Editorial Assessment

• When plagiarism or significant textual overlap is suspected, the editor will conduct a preliminary assessment of the manuscript and the available similarity report.
• The editor will consider the source, extent, and context of the identified overlap.
• Where necessary, the editorial office may examine the original sources identified in the similarity report.

Author Response

• Where appropriate, authors may be asked to provide an explanation or supporting documentation regarding the identified similarities.
• The editorial decision will take into account the available evidence and the authors' response, where a response has been requested.
• The journal may proceed with further investigation where the issue appears to involve serious or deliberate misconduct.

Minor or Unintentional Issues

• Minor instances such as inadequate citation, incorrect attribution, or limited unintentional textual overlap may require correction before the manuscript can proceed.
• Authors may be asked to revise the manuscript and provide appropriate citations or acknowledgments.
• The revised manuscript will be subject to further editorial assessment.

Major or Deliberate Plagiarism

• Significant or deliberate plagiarism may result in rejection of the manuscript.
• The authors will be informed of the editorial decision and, where appropriate, the basis for the decision.
• Where serious misconduct is established, GRR may notify the author's affiliated institution, funding body, or another appropriate authority, where necessary and appropriate.

Plagiarism Identified After Publication

• If plagiarism is identified after publication, GRR will investigate the matter in accordance with its publication ethics procedures.
• Depending on the nature and seriousness of the misconduct, the journal may publish a correction, expression of concern, or retraction.
• Any retraction will be clearly linked to the original article and will remain part of the scholarly record in accordance with the journal's correction and retraction procedures.

Repeated or Serious Misconduct

• In cases of repeated or serious academic misconduct, GRR may restrict an author's ability to submit manuscripts to the journal for a specified period.
• The Editor-in-Chief may also notify the author's institution, funding agency, or other relevant authority where appropriate.

By submitting a manuscript to GRR, authors confirm that:

• The manuscript is their original work.
• All sources and borrowed material have been appropriately cited and acknowledged.
• The manuscript has not been previously published.
• The manuscript is not under consideration by another journal.
• Any substantial overlap with the authors' previously published work has been appropriately disclosed.
• The manuscript complies with GRR's plagiarism and publication ethics policies.

Authors remain responsible for the originality and integrity of the content they submit, including content prepared with the assistance of automated or generative AI tools.

• Authors who believe that a plagiarism-related editorial decision was made incorrectly may submit an appeal to the journal.
• Appeals should provide a clear explanation of the grounds for reconsideration and, where relevant, supporting evidence.
• Appeals should normally be submitted within 30 days of the editorial decision.
• The Editor-in-Chief or an appropriately designated editor will review the appeal and the relevant evidence.
• Where appropriate, the journal may seek an independent assessment of the matter.
• The decision following an appeal will be communicated to the corresponding author.

• GRR is committed to maintaining the integrity of the published scholarly record.
• If plagiarism is confirmed after publication, the journal will take appropriate corrective action based on the nature and seriousness of the case.
• Possible actions include publication of a correction, expression of concern, or retraction.
• Corrections, expressions of concern, and retractions will be clearly identified and linked to the affected article.
• Retractions will not remove the original article from the scholarly record; the article will remain accessible with a clear retraction notice where appropriate.