ARTICLE

IMPACTS OF GENDER DISPARITY AND SOCIOEDUCATIONAL STRUCTURE ON LEGAL AWARENESS OF WOMEN INMATES A CASE STUDY OF PRISONS IN SINDH PAKISTAN

13 Pages : 131-141

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2024(IX-III).13      10.31703/grr.2024(IX-III).13      Published : Sep 2024

Impacts of Gender Disparity and Socio-Educational Structure on Legal Awareness of Women Inmates: A Case Study of Prisons in Sindh, Pakistan

    The study is an endeavor to undertake an in-depth analysis of the prevailing injustices faced by women inmates incarcerated in one of the merged prisons(merger of 2 districts)of Sindh Province Pakistan. It aims to explore how social norms, education system, and gender discrimination, collectively influence the women inmates' legal awareness and struggles for availing their legal rights and equitable treatment. By employing a mixed-method research design, including in-depth interviews with women inmates, questionnaires, and an interview guide with open-ended questions, the study uncovered the multifaceted barriers they encounter. The study also advocates fostering a more inclusive and gender-responsive criminal justice system and concludes that the intersectional nature of these challenges impacts legal awareness of women inmates and also has some significant implications for stakeholders and reformists in the context of entertaining the female inmates without gender discrimination as ensuring Article-4 of the 1973 constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

    Education System, Criminal Justice System, Gender Discrimination, Legal Rights, Socio-Legal Norms
    (1) Hira Alvi Khokhar
    MS ELM Scholar, Department of Education Management and Leadership, SZABIST University, Larkana Campus, Sindh, Pakistan.
    (2) Tabinda Rani
    Lecturer, Department of Law, Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan.
    (3) Fawad Hussain
    Associate Professor & Head of Research Center, Faculty of Management Sciences, SZABIST University, Larkana Campus, Sindh, Pakistan.
  • Alsop, R., Bertelsen, M., & Holland, J. (2006). Empowerment in practice: From analysis to implementation. World Bank Publications. 

  • Banerjee, R. A. N. J. A. N. A. (2011). Tackling gender disparity in primary and secondary education and the empowerment of women. https://www.graduatewomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/banerjee1.pdf
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa 
  • Brooks, T. L. (2016). Between Mothers and Sons: Women writers talk about having sons and raising men. Beacon Press.
  • Butler, J. (2014). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.
  • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/cedaw.pdf
  • Crenshaw, K. (2017). On intersectionality: Essential writings. The New Press.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Fair, H., & Walmsley, R. (2022). World female imprisonment list (5th ed.). Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research.
  • Freire, P. (2018). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Bloomsbury Academic. (Original work published 1970).
  • Goodmark, L. (2015). A troubled marriage: Domestic violence and the legal system. NYU Press.
  • Jayachandran, S. (2015). The roots of gender inequality in developing countries. Annual Review of Economics, 7(1), 63–88. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115404 
  • Kabeer, N. (2019). Empowerment, capabilities and human rights. The Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 20(1), 29–48.
  • Khalid, A., & Khan, N. (2013). Pathways of women prisoners to jail in Pakistan. PubMed. https://doi.org/10.5681/hpp.2013.004 
  • Lewis, J. J. (2021). Cultural feminism. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/cultural-feminism-definition-3528996
  • Ministry of Human Rights. (2021). Annual report on human rights in Pakistan. Government of Pakistan.
  • Nussbaum, M. C. (2016). Creating capabilities: The human development approach. Harvard University Press.
  • Pakistan Penal Code (ACT XLV OF 1860), https://www.ma-law.org.pk/pdflaw/PAKISTAN%20PENAL%20CODE.pdf
  • Reshi, N. I. A., Sudha, N. D. T., & Dar, N. S. A. (2022). Women’s Access to Education and its Impact on their empowerment: A Comprehensive review. MORFAI JOURNAL, 1(2), 446–450. https://doi.org/10.54443/morfai.v1i2.760 
  • Richie, B. E. (2012). Arrested Justice: Black Women, Violence, and America’s Prison Nation. NYU Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qghqn 
  • Sen, A. (2017). Gender and cooperative conflicts. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 45(1), 78–89.
  • Sindh Prisons Department. (2024). Annual report on prison populations. Government of Sindh.
  • Smith, C. (2018). Gender and crime. In The Oxford handbook of gender and politics (pp. 504-519). Oxford University Press.
  • The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1973). https://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1549886415_632.pdf 
  • Van Eerdewijk, A. H. J. M., Wong, F., Vaast, C., Newton, J., Tyszler, M., & Pennington, A. (2017). White paper: A conceptual model on women and girls' empowerment.
  • Watson, R. (2015). Quantitative research. Nursing Standard, 29(31), 44–48. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.29.31.44.e8681 
  • World Bank. (2023). World development indicators. The World Bank. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
  • World Economic Forum. (2023). Global gender gap report 2023. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2023

Cite this article

    APA : Khokhar, H. A., Rani, T., & Hussain, F. (2024). Impacts of Gender Disparity and Socio-Educational Structure on Legal Awareness of Women Inmates: A Case Study of Prisons in Sindh, Pakistan. Global Regional Review, IX(III), 131-141. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2024(IX-III).13
    CHICAGO : Khokhar, Hira Alvi, Tabinda Rani, and Fawad Hussain. 2024. "Impacts of Gender Disparity and Socio-Educational Structure on Legal Awareness of Women Inmates: A Case Study of Prisons in Sindh, Pakistan." Global Regional Review, IX (III): 131-141 doi: 10.31703/grr.2024(IX-III).13
    HARVARD : KHOKHAR, H. A., RANI, T. & HUSSAIN, F. 2024. Impacts of Gender Disparity and Socio-Educational Structure on Legal Awareness of Women Inmates: A Case Study of Prisons in Sindh, Pakistan. Global Regional Review, IX, 131-141.
    MHRA : Khokhar, Hira Alvi, Tabinda Rani, and Fawad Hussain. 2024. "Impacts of Gender Disparity and Socio-Educational Structure on Legal Awareness of Women Inmates: A Case Study of Prisons in Sindh, Pakistan." Global Regional Review, IX: 131-141
    MLA : Khokhar, Hira Alvi, Tabinda Rani, and Fawad Hussain. "Impacts of Gender Disparity and Socio-Educational Structure on Legal Awareness of Women Inmates: A Case Study of Prisons in Sindh, Pakistan." Global Regional Review, IX.III (2024): 131-141 Print.
    OXFORD : Khokhar, Hira Alvi, Rani, Tabinda, and Hussain, Fawad (2024), "Impacts of Gender Disparity and Socio-Educational Structure on Legal Awareness of Women Inmates: A Case Study of Prisons in Sindh, Pakistan", Global Regional Review, IX (III), 131-141
    TURABIAN : Khokhar, Hira Alvi, Tabinda Rani, and Fawad Hussain. "Impacts of Gender Disparity and Socio-Educational Structure on Legal Awareness of Women Inmates: A Case Study of Prisons in Sindh, Pakistan." Global Regional Review IX, no. III (2024): 131-141. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2024(IX-III).13