Abstract

The world's longest ongoing international disputes are the Palestine and the Kashmir issues that need the attention of the world for their resolution. International human rights rules hold Israel and India accountable for their excessive use of force and state-sponsored terrorism against Palestinians and Kashmiris. A fair and long-lasting solution in both regions requires an all-encompassing strategy that includes communication, diplomacy, observance of human rights, and international collaboration. This research article will explain the similarities among two disputes, Kashmir and Israel-Palestine. Also about the emergence of these issues, the problems faced by individuals of Kashmir and Palestine, and the role of media in the resolution of these conflicts.

Key Words

Kashmir, Israel, Palestine, United Nations, Self-Determination, Human Rights

Introduction

The main political issue between Pakistan and India is Kashmir. The controversy stems mostly from India's 1947 forced takeover of the Jammu and Kashmir. India asserts that on October 26, 1947, the ruler of Kashmir "endorsed" the disputed Declaration of Acquisition, whereby the Maharaja requested India's military assistance in quelling a popular insurrection. The inhabitants of Pakistan and Kashmir reject India's claim. The validity of the Instrument of Accession itself is questioned.

The international community, except India, acknowledges Kashmir as a disputed region. The concepts that led to the British division of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 defend Kashmir's inclusiveness in Pakistan. The State's most Muslim population, its proximity to Pakistan, and its vital financial ties with the areas that make up Pakistan all contribute to the acceptance of Kashmir as an issue of dispute by the UN.

History of Kashmir

Kashmir was under Islamic administration for five centuries, starting in 1339. The Sikh dynasty eventually took control of the country, and in 1819 one of its members became the first Sikh monarch of Kashmir. Following the Sikhs' defeat by the British in 1846, Raja Gulab Singh became the new ruler of the area as per the terms of the "Amritsar Treaty". The final ruler of this dynasty, Raja Hari Singh, incited rebellions from the Poonch or Punch area due to the difficult issues Kashmiris encountered under his rule.

When the area was proclaimed "Azad Kashmir" in 1947, more than 5,000 soldiers from North Pakistan marched towards Srinagar in an attempt to seize the state. India responded to Hari Singh's request for assistance by offering to join them in exchange for Kashmir. This resulted in a conflict that lasted from October 22, 1947, until December 31, 1947. The conflict came to an end in January 1948 as a result of UN intervention. The UN issued a resolution designating three members of UNCIP as the Commission for India and Pakistan. The group recommended holding a referendum, and Lord Mountbatten finally agreed. The Karachi Treaty was signed in 1949, and in March 1950, a proposal for an independent referendum was made.

The UNCIP was abolished in 1951. Sheikh Abdullah, who founded the Muslim Conference in 1932 and advocated for Kashmiris' right to self-determination, was a major figure in Kashmiri politics. Under the terms of the Indira-Sheikh agreement, he subsequently rose to the position of Chief Minister and Prime Minister of Kashmir. The Indira-Sheikh agreement was a major factor in the violence and constraints that exist in the state today, and the first democratic election held in 1951 did not serve as a substitute for the referendum. The goal of the 1976-founded Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) party is an independent Kashmir that is free from both Pakistan and India. (Basnett. &Pandian. 2019).




History of Kashmir Issue 

Except for turbulent periods at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th eras, Jammu And Kashmir State has always maintained its independence. Up until 1846, when Jammu's Gulab Singh purchased it with 7.5 million rupees in the terms of the "Treaty of Amritsar", it was a part of the Sikh empire. The British granted Gulab Singh the title of independent prince and ruler of Kashmir. Ranbir Singh succeeded Gulab Singh after he died in 1857, and he was followed in power by Gulab Singh and his despotic successors reigned over Kashmir, as did Partab Singh (1885–1925) and Hari Singh (1925–1949), and about eighty percent Muslims rebelled against him. 

The All Jammu & Kashmir Muslim Conference, founded by Sheikh Abdullah in 1932, evolved into the National Conference in 1939 and was the region's first political organization. Discontent continued even after the Maharaja approved a Legislative Assembly in 1934, a form of restricted democracy. The rulers of the princely states might choose to stay independent or willingly join Pakistan or India. They were advised to join the contiguous dominion, nonetheless, because of worries about regional and ethnic issues. 

The Maharaja ultimately gave in to Indian pressure and endorsed the Acceptance Agreement on the 26th of October 1947, accepting India's invitation to join, fearing tribal unrest. A fair and unbiased vote was required before Kashmir could be admitted to the Indian Union in the interim. India, while in favor of the concept, was against any attempt at holding a vote. During the 1947 battle between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, India was the first to bring the matter to the UN. January 1, 1949, saw assistance from the UN in enforcing a cease-fire among both nations, with the LoC serving as the cease-fire line. As a consequence of mutual understanding between Pakistan and India, Many resolutions were approved by the "UN Security Council (UNSC)" and "UN Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP)" in the period following the years 1947 and 1948 conflict. (Kashmir - Pakistan mission to UN. 2023).




Kashmir Dispute in Brief 

The ongoing conflict that has long existed within and surrounding the Jammu and Kashmir regions has its roots in the division of the subcontinent in 1947. There have been three wars fought between India and Pakistan over territorial disputes, and both nations still claim the whole region. A sizable chunk of the disputed areas are likewise under Chinese sovereignty. Unresolved grievances and tensions surrounding these past issues continue to exacerbate regional instability and thwart demilitarisation initiatives.

India and Pakistan started a bilateral dialogue process in 2004. A bus service that allowed individuals to communicate across the Line of Control and for some families to reconnect with loved ones was developed as a result of this so-called "composite dialogue." Along the route, little trade has also been restored. Despite continuous hostilities and severe skirmishes, the truce between India and Pakistan that was agreed upon during the conversation has remained in place.

Since 2008, the official peace process has mostly remained at a standstill. Following the terrorist attacks in Mumbai (2008), Pathankot (2016), and Pulwama (2019), there was a significant military build-up, including airstrikes. The public discourse is still permeated with accusing language that might easily reach a boiling point between the two nuclear nations. (The conflict in focus. 2016).




Kashmir’s Geography 

Because of its importance to the three nuclear powers of Asia—China, India, and Pakistan—Kashmir is frequently referred to as the nuclear flashpoint in the area. Additionally, it serves as a link to central Asia, a crucial commerce route. (Ammar. 2023). 

The two countries currently hold control over the previous Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (PSJ&K), which consists of the Indian-administered “Jammu and Kashmir” (IaJK), that contains the region of Kashmir and Jammu (which since 2019 forms the combined region of Jammu and Kashmir) and Ladakh (which since 2019 forms the connected region of Ladakh), and the “Jammu and Kashmir” (PaJK) administered by Pakistan, which consists of “Azad Jammu and Kashmir” (AJK) and “Gilgit–Baltistan”. Conflicts between different countries usually arise across the LoC, which serves as an actual border dividing the disputed area. Both sides accuse one another of "unprovoked" fire and target civilians, who bear the brunt of the continuous struggle.

History Of Palestine Issue

The Ottoman Empire was battled in 1915 by Arab, French, and British revolutionaries; the British asked the Arabs for assistance in overthrowing the Ottomans and granting Palestine an Arab nation. To make the Jews pleased, the British forged arrangements with France in secret. Following World War I, the region was split in half by Britain and France. On October 31, 1917, Britain annexed Palestine, bringing an end to the 1400-year Ottoman Empire. The British ruled this region from 1918 to 1948. 

When Hitler took power in Germany, he murdered millions of Jews. Jews began migrating to the US and Palestine at that time.  After embracing Zionism, Britain made the Balfour Declaration on November 2, 1917, requesting that Jews be given a national settlement in Palestine. Britain allowed Jewish immigration towards Palestine (1918–1948). (Saleh. 2021). 

Thus, the Palestinian national movement and the Israeli movement began at that time. The British Partition Plan split the land between the two groups, but Arabs opposed this plan because they did not want to give up their land. Arabs declared war on Israel in 1948, sparking the first Arab-Israeli conflict. The second Arab-Israeli war, commonly known as the Six Days War, ended with Israel capturing the majority of the Palestinian territory. 

The Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) was established in 1964 because Palestine desired its state. The group was labeled a terrorist organization by the US and Israel despite having used firearms to win independence from Israel. The PLO was acknowledged as the Palestinian representation by the UN General Assembly and the Arab League in 1973. 

Egypt recognized Israel in 1974, but two years later, radical right-wingers killed Egypt's president. Israel established colonies and permanent settlements in the "West Bank and Gaza Strip" while in control of those areas from 1967 until 1980. The Oslo Accords of 1993 sought to form Palestine and split the state amicably, but in actuality, Israel unlawfully controlled the majority of the region.

However, the West Bank and Gaza Strip were only partially created in 1994, and both parties (Palestine and Israel) are near to coming up with a peaceful resolution. Hamas abstained from the 1996 Palestinian elections, and the rise of right-wing extremism exacerbated animosity between the two groups. PLO was defeated in elections held by Hamas in 2006. After the Battle of Gaza in 2007, Palestine was split in two, with Hamas taking control of Gaza and PLO (Fatah) of the West Bank. (Rathee. 2021).




Geography of Palestine

Palestine stands out as a significant intersection between Asia and Africa. The three great monotheistic faiths of the world—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—also value it religiously. But with time most of the area of Palestine is illegally occupied by Israel.

Figure 1

Disappearing Palestine



(Suarez. 2018).




The territory borders Lebanon and Syria to the north, the coast of the Mediterranean to the westward, Jordan on the eastern side, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt to the south. It is located where the eastern Mediterranean Sea and Asia's western border meet. Since it was the Muslims' original qibla, it is regarded as the most sacred location. (Palestine: Country profile. 2003).

Figure 2



  (Torroella. 2022).




Geographically speaking, the "West Bank and Gaza Strip" are separate regions; the "West Bank" is a portion considering a geographical structure that extends from Syria and Lebanon across East Africa, while the "Gaza Strip" is a coastal territory with beaches and dunes. Moreover, roughly a third of the land is made up of the Jordan Valley, two mountain ranges, and a profound fault line encircling the West Bank. (Geography of Palestine - Fanack.com. 2023).

Recent Skirmishes in Gaza

In May 2021, Israel and the revolutionary Islamist group Hamas agreed to a ceasefire, bringing an end to their fourth conflict since 2008. The airstrikes, missiles, and street fighting between Jewish and Arab Israelis halted. (Miller. 2021).

Following seventy years of conflict and violence among Israelis and Palestinians, which has attracted other countries and destabilized the larger Middle East, is the battle between Israel and Hamas, who launched an unexpected offensive on Saturday, October 7th. (Reuters. 2023). 

Since the Israeli military assault started on October 7, In Gaza, Israeli forces have killed 3,760 Palestinian children and injured at least 7,695 more in less than three weeks. The Gaza Department of Healthcare reports that 1,150 youngsters of Palestine youngsters are believed to be abducted under the rubble of fallen buildings, suggesting that the true death toll is far higher. Since the Israeli military bombing of Gaza started on October 7, at least 9,061 Palestinians have died there.

Experts from the United Nations voiced extreme displeasure at the failure of Israel to stop its strategies to destroy the beleaguered "Gaza Strip" and warned that there is not enough time to save genocide and a humanitarian disaster in Gaza. They described the Israeli bombings denounce the blatant disregard for the laws of nations shown by the refugee camp of Jabalia in north Gaza, which is said to have killed and crippled hundreds of Palestinians, and voiced "deepening horror" about them since October 31.

Ground operations by Israeli infantry and armored troops were maintained in northern Gaza, particularly in the neighborhood to the east of Gaza City and the Jabali area of "Al Karama", northwest of "Gaza City".Humanitarian supplies intended for the approximately three hundred thousand expatriate people in the north have stopped coming from the south. "The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child" denounced the death of children in the Gaza Strip and issued a dire warning, noting that serious human rights breaches involving children are occurring there every minute. (Ramallah. 2023).

The intense Israeli bombing of Gaza continues, focusing on ambulances, hospitals, shelters, and schools. According to the health ministry, at least 15 people were murdered in the school strike in the Jabalia refugee camp. Turkey claims that because of the humanitarian situation and the bombings in Gaza, it is calling its ambassador to Israel back for talks. (Pietromarchi. 2023).

History of America’s Veto

Resolutions against its ally Israel have been vetoed by the US on several occasions by the UN Security Council. Thirteen of the fifteen Security Council members supported Syria and Lebanon's 1972 protest against Israeli aggression and called for sanctions against Israel. On October 2, 1972, the US vetoed the deal in favor of Israel. Thirteen of the fifteen House members voted against Israel in a 1973 resolution on the Middle East, which was offered by eight countries. With one vote in favor of Israel, Egypt, and Lebanon proposed sanctions on Israel in 1975. Six significant countries appealed to the UN in 1976 on the Middle East crisis and the Palestinian problem; three countries backed Israel, while nine called for an outright boycott of the country. On January 26, 1976, the US vetoed this resolution as well. 

A resolution denouncing Israeli aggression in Arab areas was sponsored in March by five nations, and it received approval from fourteen of the fifteen members. The Human Rights Committee demanded action against Israel in March 1976 due to continued crimes committed by Israel against the Palestinian people. Four nations rejected the request, while ten agreed with it. Tunisia submitted an application for Palestinian rights in April 1980, but on April 30, 1980, the United States blocked it. With 14 votes in favor and no opposition, four nations proposed a resolution denouncing the attack on the Al-Aqsa Mosque in 1982. It was also vetoed by the US. 

With the backing of 14 nations, Spain proposed a resolution on the Lebanon problem in June 1982. Three members voted against the Soviet Union's August 1982 resolution on the Lebanon problem, while eleven of the fifteen members supported Russia. The US refused to let the Security Council's 1983 objections to the idea of settling Jews in Arab-controlled regions become a part of the action. The US demonstrated that it is genuine by the rule of law by using its veto power in favor of Israel in 1984, May 31, 1985, and November 1989. When Sheikh Ahmed Yassin was killed by a missile strike in 2004 under Ariel Sharon's instructions, eleven out of fifteen members of the Security Council referred to this as an atrocity committed by Israel. With the US vetoing this resolution, Israel won diplomatically. It is the only nation against whom the greatest number of UN resolutions have been proposed and adopted by the UN Security Council, in opposition to Israel. Israel hasn't responded to these resolutions, though, indicating the US's steadfast backing for Israel. (Ghazi.2021).

Recent Issue in Kashmir

After Hizbul Mujahideen chief Burhan Wani was killed, Indian forces launched a siege of Kashmir. With over 70 people killed and 6,000 injured, the attack's pellet gun left hundreds blinded and disabled. Kashmiris demonstrate against the Indian government and want Azadi (freedom). In August 2019, the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) delivered on its pledge to revoke "Article 370 and 35A" of the Constitution of India, revoke Jammu and Kashmir's 1954 semi-autonomy, and split the state into two union territories under the control of New Delhi's central government. Additionally, animosity has escalated since Kashmir's special status was removed.




Article 370 and 35A

Following its liberation from the administration of Britain in 1947, "Jammu and Kashmir" was given the choice to link with India or Pakistan by Article 370, which came into force in 1949. By removing the state from the Indian Constitution, this provision gave it the authority to enact its laws about matters such as foreign policy, communications, defense, and finance. It also created a distinct flag and constitution, denied outsiders property rights, and left the populace subject to separate citizenship and property ownership regulations.

Article 35A, which was enacted in 1954, forbids foreigners from living permanently, purchasing land, working for the government, or receiving educational scholarships. Instead, it gives local legislatures in Indian-administered Kashmir the authority to designate who is a permanent resident. Over the years, several parts of Article 370 have been weakened.

Through several petitions, Article 35A has been challenged by the party in power, the BJP, and its extreme supporters, who believe it to be unconstitutional. The government intends to establish exclusive Hindu communities in the area, and Prime Minister Modi's BJP won big in May due to a contentious campaign that purportedly targeted Muslims. Article 370 and its 35A clause, which would let citizens of the rest of India purchase land in Jammu and Kashmir and make it their permanent home, will be repealed, as the administration has promised. Kashmiris worry that the change will cause the region's population to shift from a majority of Muslims to a majority of Hindus.

According to Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, a president may revoke legislation by presidential order, but first, the state's Constituent Assembly must approve the order. Expert opinions on the repeal of the statute vary; some think state legislator consent is necessary, while others think a presidential decree suffices. There will be political and legal obstacles to the decree. (Al Jazeera. 2019).




Similarities Among Kashmir and Palestine Conflict

India is scheduled to visit Israel in 2017, the year that marks the 25th anniversary of full diplomatic ties. India has been purchasing armaments from Israel since the 1960s. Both countries are extremely concerned about the harsh occupations of Palestine and Kashmir, especially as India is one of Israel's main customers for military exports. India has been providing anti-terror training to Israeli police forces for use against Palestinians. Following the establishment of Israel and India as nation-states in 1947 and 1948, many Palestinians were driven into exile and lost their land. Without a popular vote, Kashmir was given to India in 1947, and its entrance to the UN was contingent on a 1948 resolution. The problems in Palestine and Kashmir have not been settled despite several resolutions. (Ahmar.2023). Examples of postcolonial sieges are Palestine and Indian-held Kashmir, which are characterized by intense militarization, unlawful occupation, breaches of human rights, and popular resistance and cohesiveness of individuals. (Zia. 2020). 

The origins of the Palestine and Kashmir problems, as well as how changes have affected both occupied regions, are comparable. The way that India and Israel, the Zionist organization, have dealt with the oppressed populations of Jammu and Kashmir, and Palestine is indicative of the symbiotic connection that has developed between them. The two countries' popular independence movements also have several characteristics in common. (Jaffar. 1995).




Health and Climate Issues

The distinct public health issues caused by water strife in Kashmir and Palestine are revealed by their differing geopolitical situations. Water shortage brought on by the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian war in Palestine results in poor sanitation and hygiene, which raises the risk of waterborne illnesses. Water resources in Kashmir are impacted by the conflict between India and Pakistan; dam building alters water flow and availability, leading to diseases from contaminated water and poor sanitation. Many intricate problems highlight how politics and water disputes are intertwined in many areas. (Gumas. 2021). Public health has been impacted by water-related illnesses, poor sanitation, and restricted access to clean water as a result of the water wars in Kashmir and Palestine. Major problems include political instability and violence brought on by linguistic, religious, cultural, political, or economic divides that are made worse by climate change. (Hakim. 2020). In certain areas, political unrest and violence are exacerbated by climate change and are influenced by a variety of factors, including politics, religion, culture, and language. India seems to be copying Israel's methods of handling tyranny, as seen by its presentation of Israel as a key allies in the persecution of Palestinians and Kashmiris. (Kaul 2022).




Human Rights Violations 

Concern over the continuous abuses of Palestinians' human rights in the occupied West Bank has been voiced by the UN human rights office. Israeli law enforcement operations, such as one that involved airstrikes on the Jenin refugee camp, have been employing military strategies and weaponry. According to UN records, there have been other instances where settlers have been spotted carrying firearms and either wearing uniforms or with the Israeli military. The office is worried by the fact that armed settlers have been acting with Israeli authorities' consent and cooperation.

Since October 7, more than 1,000 Palestinians have been forcibly removed from their houses; this may constitute the forceful relocation of people, which would be a serious violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention. The UN has underlined that Israel is required by “International humanitarian law” and “Human rights law” to provide the security and protection of the occupied population. The Gaza Strip has been subjected to constant bombings since Hamas launched its surprise incursion on October 7, and the Israeli army has increased the scope of its air and military assaults on the region. In the fighting, around 10,800 individuals have died, more than 1,538 Israelis and at least 9,227 Palestinians.(Donmez. 2023). 

In Kashmir with 500,000 military soldiers stationed there, state violence has been prevalent since the 1990s. Ten thousand unlawful disappearances, 7,000 burial sites, and about 70,000 fatalities have been reported by the “Jammu and Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society”. The abdication of legislative authority to Kashmiris is linked to crimes against humanity such as sexual assault, rape, compelled disappearances, and extrajudicial killings. (Osuri. 2016).

Role of Media

With little participation from social media, conventional media plays an underutilized role in the Israel-Palestine conflict. The horrors in Gaza are not widely known, and war crimes ought to be covered by digital media. Print media seldom covers these atrocities and presents Israel's actions in an unfavorable light. Violations of human rights and war crimes are classified as acts of violence in conflict rather than crimes. The world's ignorance about the ongoing violence should be made public, along with these horrors, through the media. (Seyyed. 2022). 

It is the moral obligation of the media to present a humanitarian viewpoint when addressing the issues faced by the people of Kashmir and Palestine. According to American media, Pakistan has not done anything to stop the genocidal role in Kashmir that subjugates the Muslim population. The innocent people and the situation in Kashmir and Palestine must be made known to the world. The media should cover human rights abuses with objectivity and educate the public about the legal ramifications of the problems. Since this is a moral and human rights concern, Pakistan ought to draw attention to it both locally and globally. (Role & Responsibility of Media in Highlighting Kashmir Dispute. 2021).




Role of International Organization and International Community 

Due to the UN's refusal to allow Kashmir to exercise its right to self-determination, India and Pakistan have fought two major wars that have claimed 27,150 lives and left hundreds of thousands more injured. (Stone. 2016). 

There is a need to achieve global peace and a resolution to the Palestine-Kashmir conflict that aligns with the goals of the Palestinian and Kashmiri people. How crucial it is for the UN to uphold international peace and act decisively to stop Israel and India's genocide against the oppressed Palestinian and Kashmiri people. Violence and pressure cannot be used to repress a person's self-determination right. The UN has to be made aware of basic civil liberties abuses occurring in Kashmir and Palestine. (Resolution of Kashmir, Palestine issues crucial to world peace: NA speaker. 2023). 

In a report published in June 2018, the Office of the "United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)" asked for a global investigation, highlighted defilements in Indian and Pakistan-administered Kashmir, and made seven suggestions to Pakistan and seventeen to India. A July 2019 report, however, showed no improvements. (Kashmir since 2019 and Indo-Pak relations. 2022). Only publishing some reports is not enough for the resolution of both issues i.e. Palestine and Kashmir but there is a need to take strict measures to cope with these inhuman brutalities.  

Pakistan, citing the horrific suffering in Gaza, occupied Palestine, and Jammu and Kashmir, has urged the UN Human Rights Council to address the widespread abuses of human rights. There is the necessity of promoting human civil liberties completely and stably, pointing out that Israel has been able to violate these rights without consequence for more than 50 years. Under the pretense of fighting terrorism, the occupying forces have attempted to stifle legal national liberation movements in both cases. The latest crisis in the Middle East serves as a warning about the peril of permitting foreign occupation to continue. In parallel, need for the promotion of a stronger response to the growth in some regions of the world of extreme and violent nationalism, fascism, and racial hate. Islamophobia is a key component of the contemporary phenomenon that shows up as assaults and prejudice against Muslims, prohibitions on the headscarf, blasphemous caricatures, recurrent burnings of the "Holy Quran", and destruction of religiously sacred places. The threat of Muslim genocide in India is posed by the Islamophobia epidemic, and the Council needs to address this threat head-on. (Pakistan urges UN's top human body to address 'massive' rights abuses in Palestine & Kashmir. 2023).

Conclusion

Palestine as well as Kashmir's rights to freedom of choice an essential liberty that gives individuals the ability to direct their political destiny. Reaching these goals is essential to finding a peaceful and long-lasting solution. Any attempt to sabotage free and fair elections will only heighten tensions, thus it is imperative to ensure their integrity. Extremist actions can be less likely if the underlying causes of popular grievances—political oppression, socioeconomic injustice, or unsolved conflicts—are addressed. A fair and long-lasting solution in both regions requires an all-encompassing strategy that includes communication, diplomacy, observance of human rights, and international collaboration. (Tabriz. 2003). 

According to the study, occupying troops in both Kashmir and Palestine carried out crackdowns on sizable young cohorts, which resulted in comparable subordination and tactics. Middle Eastern Kashmir (Palestine) is the term used to describe the character and methods of the two conflicts. International human rights rules hold Israel and India accountable for their excessive use of force and state-sponsored terrorism against Palestinians and Kashmiris. Any kind of torture or denial of the right to life is prohibited and even national crises do not justify its use. The UN has acknowledged that India is the main facilitator of state terrorism in Kashmir, thus it is now vital to watch what sanctions the UN takes against India for violating the civil rights and freedoms of Kashmiris. The effects of the Kashmir dispute settlement and young ambitions on the evolving character of trade, culture, and security require more investigation.

The 'Deal of the Century' struck by Donald Trump to solve the issue between Israel and Palestine would further prevent the Palestinians from gaining their state. Increased US-Israeli affinities and the violation of Palestinian rights would complicate matters and make de-escalation and settlement of the conflict challenging. (Ali. 2019). The international community has denounced violence on "all sides," but governments must intervene and condemn these acts as long as Palestinians and Kashmiris are resisting an occupation that has evolved into a settlement movement. International law must support the freedom to resist as India resembles a colonial power and Israel continues to perpetrate acts similar to those convicted at Nuremberg. (Centre. 2022). 

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