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- Afzal, M. (2009). Population growth and economic development in Pakistan. The Open Demography Journal, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/1874918600902010 001
- Aisenbrey, S., Evertsson, M., & Grunow, D. (2009). Is there a career penalty for mothers' time out? A comparison of Germany, Sweden, and the United States. Social Forces, 88, 573-605. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0252
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- Angrist, J., Levy, V., & Schlosser, A. (2010). Multiple Experiments for the Causal Link between the Quantity and Quality of Children. Journal of Labor Economics, 28(4), 773-824. https://doi.org/10.1086/653830
- Ataullahjan, A., Mumtaz, Z., & Vallianatos, H. (2019). Family planning in Pakistan: A site of resistance. Social Science & Medicine, 230, 158- 165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.0 4.021
- Basu, A. M. (2002). Why does education lead to lower fertility? A critical review of some of the possibilities. World Development, 30(10), 1779- 1790. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305- 750X(02)00072-4
- Behrman, J., & Duvisac, S. (2017). The relationship between women's paid employment and women's stated son preference in India. Demographic Research, 36(1), 1601- 1636. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.201 7.36.52
- Billari, F. C., Giuntella, O., & Stella, L. (2019). Does broadband internet affect fertility? Population Studies, 73(3), 297-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2019.158 4327
- Black, S. E., Devereux, P. J., & Salvanes, K. G. (2005). The More the Merrier? The Effect of Family Size and Birth Order on Children's Education. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(2), 669-700. https://doi.org/10.1162/0033553053970179
- Blau, F., & Kahn, L. (2000). Gender Differences in Pay. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(4), 75- 99. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.4.75
- Boehnke, J., & Gay, V. (2020). The Missing Men World War I and Female Labor Force Participation. Journal of Human Resources, 0419- 10151R10151. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.57.4.0419- 10151R1
- Bongaarts, J. (2009). Human population growth and the demographic transition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1532), 2985-2990. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0137
- Caceres-Delpiano, J. (2006). The Impacts of Family Size on Investment in Child Quality. Journal of Human Resources, 41(4), 738-754. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.XLI.4.738
- Chen, Q., Kong, Y., Gao, W., & Mo, L. (2018). Effects of socio-economic status, parent-child relationship, and learning motivation on reading ability. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1297. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01297
- Cools, S., Markussen, S. & Strøm, M. (2017) Children and Careers: How Family Size Affects Parents' Labor Market Outcomes in the Long Run. Demography 54, 1773-1793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0612-0
- Cooper, R.D. & Emory, C.W. (2000). Business Research Methods: 5th Edition. National Book Foundation, Islamabad.
- Cramer, J. C. (1980). Fertility and Female Employment: Problems of Causal Direction. American Sociological Review 45(2), 167-190. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095117
- Cui, Y., Liu, H., & Zhao, L. (2019). Mother's education and child development: Evidence from the compulsory school reform in China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 47(3), 669-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2019.04.001
- Dang, H.-A. H., & Rogers, F. H. (2016). The decision to invest in child quality over quantity: Household size and household investment in education in Vietnam. The World Bank Economic Review, 30(1), 104-142. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2628927
- De Laat, J., & Sevilla-Sanz, A. (2006). Working women, men's home time and lowest-low fertility. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.770224
- Diamond, I. (1999). Female education and fertility: Examining the rinks. Critical perspective on schooling and fertility in the world. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10020823418/
- Eberstadt, N. (2010). The demographic future: What population growth - and decline - means for the global economy. Foreign Affairs, 54-64. https://demographic- challenge.com/files/downloads/68690e7b35d 02ba894dda06bcdf415dc/dc_the_demographic _future_eberstadt_foreignaffairs_novdez_2010 .pdf
- Fitzsimons, E., & Malde, B. (2014). Empirically probing the quantity-quality model. Journal of Population Economics, 27(1), 33-68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-013-0474-8
- Flückiger, M., & Ludwig, M. (2017). Urbanization, fertility and child education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Economics Letters, 157, 97-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2017.05.0 24
- Frader, L. L. (2020). Gender and labor in world history. A Companion to Global Gender History, 27- 42. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119535812.ch 2
- Gangl, M., & Ziee, A. (2009). Motherhood, labour force behaviour, and women's careers: An empirical assessment of the wage penalty for motherhood in Britain, Germany, and the United States. Demography, 46, 341-369. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0056
- Gries, T., & Grundmann, R. (2018). Fertility and modernization: the role of urbanization in developing countries. Journal of International Development, 30(3), 493-506. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3104
- Hahn, Y., Islam, A., Nuzhat, K., Smyth, R., & Yang, H. S. (2018). Education, marriage, and fertility: Long-term evidence from a female stipend program in Bangladesh. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 66(2), 383-415. https://doi.org/10.1086/694930
- Hasani, Z. (2013). Factors affecting the level of female employment in Iran. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3(14), 1424- 1431.
- Hassan, S. A., & Rafaz, N. (2017). The role of female education in economic growth of Pakistan: A time series analysis from 1990-2016. International journal of innovation and economic development, 3(5), 83-93. https://doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551- 7020.2015.35.2007
- Hatton, T. J., Sparrow, R., Suryadarma, D., & van der Eng, P. (2018). Fertility and the health of children in Indonesia. Economics & Human Biology, 28, 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2017.12.002
- Hertrich, V. (2017). Trends in age at marriage and the onset of fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa. Population and development review, 43, 112-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12043
- Hilevych, Y., & Rusterholz, C. (2018). 'Two children to make ends meet: the ideal family size, parental responsibilities and costs of children on two sides of the Iron Curtain during the post-war fertility decline. The History of the Family, 23(3), 408-425. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2018.14 70547
- Huang, T. (2019). Making it work as a working mother: The role of paradox mindset in positive appraisal of working motherhood tensions. https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewconte nt.cgi?article=1210
- ILO International Labour Organization. (2012). Global Employment Trends for Women. ILO.
- Jayachandran, S. (2020). Social norms as a barrier to women's employment in developing countries (0898- 2937).
- Jensen, R. (2012). Do labor market opportunities affect young women's work and family decisions? Experimental evidence from India. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127(2), 753- 792. http://www.masteringmetrics.com/wp- content/uploads/2020/05/qjs002.pdf
- Kaboudi, M., Ramezakhani, A., Manouchehri, H., & Hajizadeh, E. (2013) Relationship between Age of Marriage, Women's Education and Fertility 1954-93: A Study in the West of Iran. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 10(2), 855- 860. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/1207
- Kan, M.-Y., & Hertog, E. (2017). Domestic division of labour and fertility preference in China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Demographic Research, 36, 557-588. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.1 8
- Kang, C. (2011). Family size and educational investments in children: Evidence from private tutoring expenditures in South Korea. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 73(1), 59-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468- 0084.2010.00607.x
- Khan, J. R., & Awan, N. (2017). A comprehensive analysis on child mortality and its determinants in Bangladesh using frailty models. Archives of Public Health, 75(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-017-0224-6
- Khan, R. E. A., Bari, K. M., & Raza, M. A. (2018). Socio-economic determinants of child mortality: Evidence from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey. https://mpra.ub.uni- muenchen.de/93839/1/MPRA_paper_93839. pdf
- Khan, S. U., & Awan, R. (2011). Contextual Assessment of Women Empowerment and its Determinants: Evidence from Pakistan. Bond University-Australia. MPRA, (308- 20).
- Klasen, S. (2019). What explains uneven female labor force participation levels and trends in developing countries? The World Bank Research Observer, 34(2), 161-197. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkz005
- Korzec, R. (1997). Working on the 'Mommy- Track': Mother-Hood and Women Lawyers. Hastings Women's Law Journal 8 (1), 117-140. http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/cgi/viewc ontent.cgi?article=1628
- Kugler, A. D., & Kumar, S. (2017). Preference for boys, family size, and educational attainment in India. Demography, 54(3), 835-859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0575-1
- Lundberg, S., & Rose, E. (2000). Parenthood and the earnings of married men and women. Labour Economics, 7, 689-710. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927- 5371(00)00020-8
- Lundborg, P., Plug, E., & Rasmussen, A. W. (2014). Fertility effects on female labour supply: IV evidence from IVF treatments (IZA Discussion Paper No. 8609). Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/ 106548/1/dp8609.pdf
- Moos, K. A. (2017). The Political Economy of State Regulation: The Case of the English Factory Acts. UMass Economics Working Papers. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcont ent.cgi?article=1234
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Cite this article
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APA : Jawad, M., Sarir, S., & Aziz, S. Z. (2021). Female Employment and Reduction in Family Size in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Global Regional Review, VI(I), 286 -295. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2021(VI-I).31
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CHICAGO : Jawad, Muhammad, Saima Sarir, and Syed Zuhaib Aziz. 2021. "Female Employment and Reduction in Family Size in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa." Global Regional Review, VI (I): 286 -295 doi: 10.31703/grr.2021(VI-I).31
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HARVARD : JAWAD, M., SARIR, S. & AZIZ, S. Z. 2021. Female Employment and Reduction in Family Size in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Global Regional Review, VI, 286 -295.
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MHRA : Jawad, Muhammad, Saima Sarir, and Syed Zuhaib Aziz. 2021. "Female Employment and Reduction in Family Size in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa." Global Regional Review, VI: 286 -295
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MLA : Jawad, Muhammad, Saima Sarir, and Syed Zuhaib Aziz. "Female Employment and Reduction in Family Size in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa." Global Regional Review, VI.I (2021): 286 -295 Print.
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OXFORD : Jawad, Muhammad, Sarir, Saima, and Aziz, Syed Zuhaib (2021), "Female Employment and Reduction in Family Size in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa", Global Regional Review, VI (I), 286 -295
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TURABIAN : Jawad, Muhammad, Saima Sarir, and Syed Zuhaib Aziz. "Female Employment and Reduction in Family Size in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa." Global Regional Review VI, no. I (2021): 286 -295. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2021(VI-I).31