Abstract

This descriptive research examined how attention paid to Arab- Israel relations news editorials in newspapers. To explore the state of Arab- Israel relations, editorials in newspapers content analysis has been conducted. Two theories were utilized: agenda-setting theory and framing theory in mixed-method research. By selecting three newspapers, 320 editorials related to Arab- Israel relations were obtained in six months from 15 Nov, 2020 to 15 May 2021 through purposive sampling.  The findings of the study concluded that mostly editorials discussed the topics of Arab- Israel conflict/crisis and Israel's recent recognition by Arab states, which are highly reported in this time period. Most editorials were in positive/favorable, negative/unfavorable, and neutral directions, respectively. Two-thirds of the editorials discussed the nonscientific evidence. USA press (The Washington Post) have more tendency to present and focus the Arab- Israel relations-related editorials in positive/favorable direction content as compared to other newspapers.

Key Words

Arab- Israel Relations, Newspapers, Content Analysis, Arab- Israel Conflicts, Israel Recognition

Introduction

Center Easterner Israel conflicts and relations has reliably remained at the focal point of data incorporation since it is maybe the most heartless, political, philosophical battle in over a wide span of time day history. Nowadays, media expects a central part in developing people in general and by and large friendly affiliations. The vast majority of people are made aware of various occasions across the globe, similarly as a society, norms, properties, customs, and others' viewpoints, taking into account the media. A couple of examinations have been performed by media experts to uncover the consolidation of different subjects and events by a country's media, taking into account that country's global methodology on explicit issues. The association between media and the global system is a captivating subject for media specialists. Different outstanding researchers have utilized this guideline to coordinate exploration. 




The Balfour Declaration

The Ottomans addressed Israel, similarly as an enormous piece of the Middle East, from 1517 to 1917. Regardless, World War I fundamentally changed the Mid East's global scene. Balfour made a letter out of point propelling the advancement of a Jewish country in Palestine in 1917, in the beginning of the contention. The British government anticipated that the regular assertion named the Balfour Declaration hence would aid the Allies in WWI. 

Right, when the Allied victory in World War I completed in 1918, the Ottoman Empire's 400-year rule arrived at a resolution, and Great Britain anticipated control of what is as of now known as Palestine (state of the art Israel, Palestine, and Jordan)..Arab was unequivocally against the Balfour Declaration, expecting that the Jewish nation would recommend Arab Palestinians' abuse. Palestine was administered by the British until 1947 when Israel procured opportunity on account of World War II's end (Merrill, 1968, 12; Merrill & Fisher 1980; Gul,1998). 




Israeli Independence 

In 1947, the UN-supported a course of action to

segregate Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab, yet the Arabs conflicted with it. Israel transformed into an autonomous nation in May 1948. While this chronicled second appeared, apparently, to be a victory for Jews, it furthermore hailed the start of extended Arab-Jewish viciousness when Israel gained opportunity as a result of World War II's end (Merrill, 1968, 12; Merrill & Fisher 1980; Gul,1998). 




Birth of PLO

The Palestine Liberation Organization was set up in 1964 to achieve a Palestinian Arab country aground that had before been controlled under the British Mandate, and PLO included unlawfully by Israel. PLO was set up determined to destroy Israel to achieve Palestinian influence; in the 1993 Oslo Accords, the PLO saw Israel's progressing nicely to exist as a compromise for Israel's actual affirmation of the PLO—a defining moment in Israel-Palestinian relations. Yasser Arafat, a remarkable Palestinian administrator, was chosen Head of the PLO in 1969 and stood firm on the traction until his passing in 2004.




The Conflict between Jews and Arabs

Pressing factors have proceeded among Jews and Arab Muslims all through Israel's lengthy history. The two families' perplexed contest loosens up back to old when both of them included the area and thought it holy. Jerusalem is heavenly to the two Jews and Muslims. It includes the Temple Mount, which houses the al-Aqsa Mosque, the Western Wall, and the Dome of the Rock, among other blessed sites. In continuous events, an enormous piece of the inquiry has swirled around who controls which of the going with spots: 

• Gaza Strip: A real estate parcel that lies among Egypt and Israel today. 

• The Golan Heights are a lopsided level that runs among Syria and Israel today.

• West Bank: A locale that disconnects advanced Israel from Jordan. 




The Six-Day War

In an alarming strike in 1967, Israel crushed Egypt, Jordan, and Syria in six days. Israel acknowledged charge of the Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula, West Bank, and Golan Heights after this brief conflict. Israel accepts these spots to be "included." 

During an inconvenient season of political pressing factors and conflicts among Israel and its neighbors, the Six-Day War broke out. The doing combating expanded in April 1967 as Israel and Syria were busy with a savage air and weapons fight in which six Syrian competitors planes were killed. During the April air fight, the Soviet Union instructed Egypt that Israel was sending troops to Syria's northern limit in assumption for a gigantic interruption. Though the information was counterfeit, it impelled Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser to send troops into the Sinai Peninsula, where they removed a UN peacekeeping mission. 

On 5 Jun 1967, the Israeli Military began a preemptive plane strike on Egypt. In the subsequent standoff, the two countries ensured they were acting in self-assurance, which finished on 10 Jun and pulled in Jordan and Syria, who stayed with Egypt. The Six-Day War, as it became known, incited an enormous land obtained for Israel. Israel had clutched responsibility for Gaza Strip, the West Bank, the Sinai Peninsula (a desert region between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea), and the Golan Heights before the completion of the battle (a harsh level arranged among Syria and flow Israel). The completion of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War would achieve consistent pressing factors and military battles among Israel and its neighbors in the years ahead.

Lebanon Battle In 2006, Israel dispatched a contention against Hezbollah, an Iranian Islamic attacker relationship in Lebanon. An UN-mediated ceasefire completed the battle several months after it began.




Israel Today

Conflicts between Israel and Palestine continue to happen routinely. But key geographical regions are confined; some are seized by the different sides. Both of them name Jerusalem as their capital, for example. Both sides consider each other responsible for fearmonger strikes that murdered person. Despite the way that Israel doesn't really see Palestine as a country, over 135 UN part states do.




Statement of the Problem

Arab-Israel relations have always remained the subject of interest and research for social scientists. A number of researches have been conducted to highlight different aspects of the cited phenomena (i.e., Sohrab, 2012; Qazi, 2012; Hathway, 2012). This study, however, focuses on six months editorials of the US, Pakistan, and Iran press to study the Arab-Israel relations.

Objectives of the Study

The broad objective of this research is to analyze the construction of Arab-Israel relations editorials in the print media both quantitatively and qualitatively, with the focus on the reach of the print media from 15 Nov 2020 to 15 May 2021. Specific objectives of this research were following:

1-To determine how many editorials of USA newspapers draw attention to Arab-Israel relations.

2-To know the length of the Arab-Israel relations editorial.

Research Question

RQ1: How many editorials of the USA press focused on Arab-Israel relations?

RQ2: In general, what is the length of the Arab-Israel relation-related editorial?




Hypothesis

H1: USA press has more tendency to focus on Arab Israel.

H2: USA press covers more space to presents Arab Israel relation-related editorials.




The rationale of the study

Regardless of the way that numerous examinations have been driven under the insurance of Arab-Israel relations related, the results are changed to the point that this wonder may be assessed in a substitute setting. Besides, past research has focused on Arab-Israel relations and its relationship with the media on a particular topic. The current examination is coordinated to check the Arab-Israel relations in articles of the US.




The Rationale for Selection of Editorials

The article page is the primary page in a paper. It contains articles, areas, and distributions. Distributions on this page are being engaged as they portray the power approach of a paper. The master has picked the distributions of US paper, The Washington Post, to see how these top-notch papers treat Arab-Israel relations? 

Distributions are gotten as the sole of the papers, mirroring a paper's actual methodology and remembering the perspective of its proprietors and editors for various issues. In an article, the director of the paper depicts his/her examinations, remarks, and proposals on an issue or occasion. Along these lines, an article is the hypothetical perspective of the editor of a paper. The level of the article has broadened with the development of time. Articles not just mirror the central's perspective nowadays, rather they are shaped to illuminate, decipher, asset, extrapolate, recommend, analyze, incite, guide, and basically more. These are the alleged parts of distribution in this new data age. Distributions partner press with the general populace and government with express responsibilities. A free and autonomous distribution approach both on a major level and practice is trailed by a free paper.

Review of Literature

Zajonc (1968) investigation discovered that the more noticeable a nation was in the information, the more viable media consideration and openness measures were as indicators of mentalities toward that country. Among the nine nations examined, the Soviet Union, East Germany, West Germany, and Poland were the most conspicuous on US network news. Proportions of openness and consideration regarding TV news were the best indicators of sentiments toward these four countries. At last, our examination showed that when it makes a difference, focusing harder on international concerns news on TV is related with more sure perspectives on a country. That backs with a past mental examination that found that individuals incline toward the natural over the obscure. 

Manheim and Albritton (1984) Except for Israel, where higher paper openness hardly anticipated expanded enemy of Semitism, maybe inferable from negative print inclusion of Israel's treatment of Palestinians, that example holds for a couple of paper openness and consideration factors that matter. By and large, that review proposes that there was a critical association between outside country openness in the US news stream, particularly on TV news, and general assessment in the United States toward these nations. As indicated by that review, US popular assessment might be affected to the degree that the conspicuousness and tone of inclusion of different nations in the US news media can be controlled. 

TV was especially significant in the United States because of an overall absence of direct association with different countries, and overall absence of information about different nations, and a decrease in paper readership. A future exploration looked at if TV had a similar impact on overall general assessment in different countries as it did in the United States. (Semetko, 1990; Semetko and Gibowski, 1991).

Kriesberg (2002: 563) On the opposite side, the Oslo Process missed the mark concerning assumptions. The Palestinians were never near making a free state, and different groups inside the association scrutinized Arafat's position. Israel's assumptions that Arafat and his followers would make the rule of law in the Territories without the standardizing imperatives forced on its own security powers were likewise broken when the Labor Party lost three of four decisions (1996, 2001, 2003). Since they couldn't achieve substantial increases through exchanges, the Palestinians, the more vulnerable party, were constrained to fall back on brutality, perhaps trying to emulate the Algerian model, and "the savagery of the opposite side legitimized each side's utilization of viciousness to overcome the other." To analyze claimed hostile to Israeli predisposition in the American press, the Jewish Federation of Metropolitan Chicago charged an intensive investigation of the inclusion of the second Intifada in American papers of record. During the primary year of the intifada, the New York Times, Washington Post, and Chicago Tribune, which were all viewed as papers of record in the United States, were surveyed for thirty days. The recurrence of revealing, the length of reports, the utilization of pictures and designs, lexical and linguistic decisions, and different parts of information inclusion were completely taken a gander at. The specialists discovered similitudes in the three papers' detailing strategies and reasoned that they were completely one-sided for Israel. They infer that news predisposition was unavoidable and that "no component of American print news show was liberated from qualities and inclinations." Despite tracking down a supportive of Israel inclination in inclusion, the examination cautioned against making expansive charges of inclination and required the improvement of a system for hardliner detailing the research. (Zelizer, Park and Gudelunas, 2002).

McManus (2003) and Zelizer et al. (2003), which zeroed in on editorial practices engaged with the two sides' portrayal and endeavor to exhibit the impact of philosophy on struggle portrayal in US media, were very useful in deciphering and clarifying the phonetic investigation's discoveries. The investigation of the job of the media in the continuation of war or harmony, as indicated by Wolfsfled (2004), supported the translation and clarification of the exploration's results. 

Mc Cormick (2018) American Jews had for quite some time been passionate allies of Israel, gathered in enormous, electorally significant states, and occupied within the background campaigning and public activation to help Israel. Huge oil organizations that had battled nearer connections to Israel, just as State Department strategy specialists, had taken predictable positions in campaigning. That review had an imperfection in that these campaigning designs are excessively predictable. They may have been found during the 1950s when the United States gave Israel little guide and no weaponry. They were likewise noticeable during the 1970s and later when the US gave considerable monetary and military guide. With these constants, it's hard to clarify an example of quick changes in US-Israeli relations. Also, the American Jewish people group's enduring help implies that, according to a methodological viewpoint, we can't preclude their help as a vital yet not adequate state of US support for Israel. 

The changing key climate was expected to affect US-Israel relations at all levels. There was probably going to be generous congruity, as I had contended, in view of Israel's own solidarity and local military job, majority rule customs, and the mindfulness that solid American connections to Israel don't forestall profound relations to other key nations in the area. Indeed, they raised America's discretionary situation past that of a superpower since it was the lone country with the capacity to impact both Israel and its Arab neighbors. Regardless of whether the Soviet danger didn't exist, the UN had significant interests in the Middle East, including shielding oil streams from the Persian Gulf, forestalling atomic expansion, and aiding amicable countries confronting fundamentalist developments. The harmony interaction, similar to the Camp David Accords, was probably going to involve supported American investment. There was an undeniable chance that some American officers had expected to keep the Golan Heights settled. The Palestinian area had, without a doubt, required long haul financial and innovative help. Simultaneously, the Soviet Union's exit might bring about a lower American profile in the Middle East, yet universally. Previous Soviet partners, without a doubt, endure because of their absence of sponsorship. That helps both the US and Israel, yet it additionally eliminates the requirement for the US to play a huge adjusting job. The fall of the Soviet Union additionally gives occasion to feel qualms about the US's capacity to assume a functioning and costly worldwide part in all areas. As an outcome, the tactical financial plan of the United States has steadily diminished over the long run. The progression of help to Israel and Egypt is probably going to be upsetting. They were not going to stay at their current levels for long. Why? America's local impact was relied upon to be decreased somewhat because of lower vital concerns joined with serious budgetary limitations. Israel's unfamiliar guide had been put under strain thus. There was one significant inclination that is switching. These equivalent elements had compelled the United States to depend on solid territorial partners like Israel to enhance its immediate presence. Changes in the Israeli economy may have repercussions for the respective relationship with the US. As an outcome of Israel's present monetary development, merchants, exporters, loan specialists, and transporters were growing their binds with their American partners. Potential unfamiliar financial backers were attracted to the harmonious interaction, privatization, and a very much prepared and taught labor force. 

Theoretical Framework

One of the most important theoretical approaches, known as agenda-setting theory, is thought to be the best for evaluating media coverage (Picard & Minhee, 2011). The current research is built regarding the framing of media, and framing is an expansion of agenda-setting theory (McCombs et al., Scheufele, 1999). It is vital to analyze earlier studies on this theory, particularly on Israel's connections with Arab countries, in order to better comprehend how this theory is being implemented. This present research was directed by the following theories.

Highlighting the importance of news coverage of Arab-Israeli relations, the agenda-setting theory examined the impact of news coverage on public opinion. Before long, there was little research on the impact of the media on public opinion. The media's power on the presentation of news items and issues has an impact on the public's thinking. The news reports are written in such a way that when one news report is given more weight and attention than others, the public would instinctively see it as the most significant information and news. The media choose which news appears first and which comes second based on how people believe and how much effect they will have among the public. The cognitive process of "accessibility" is used to determine the agenda. The media presents data that is the most relevant, depicts key societal challenges, and represents people's thoughts.

From the standpoint of agenda-setting, nationwide issue agendas were created through sparking individual and collective issues. Cobb and Elder say that political parties and the media played a key role in activating people's interest in issues of systematic organizational agendas. One of the major factors for evaluating a national political leader, according to McCombs (2004), is his or her influence in shaping the national agenda. Several studies (McCombs & Shaw, 1976; Snider, 1967) discovered an agenda-setting influence between types of media in addition to the relationship between the media agenda and the public agenda. The inter-media agenda was created with the interaction between two media (McCombs, 2004).




Framing Theory

Framing theory is defined as "a central organizing idea for news content that applies a context and suggests what the issue is through the use of selection, emphasis, exclusion, and elaboration" (Tanked, Hendrickson, Silberman, Bliss & Ghanem, 1991 cited by Severin &Tankard, 2007, P. 277). During the time news media, by setting the agenda, make aware the people about what to think about, framing theory ascertain the people about how to think about by focusing on particular knowledge and bring down the other information in news (McCombs, Shaw &weaver, 1997). They considered to framing as the second level of agenda-setting. Gitlin was introduced the framing in 1980 in the research of television coverage that the student movement treated as unimportant. That brought to conclude that the theory of framing has three functions, building the extent of a movement. Assessment of strategy of handling the topic and elaborate the decisions taken by officials and practitioners (McCombs &Bell. 1997). 

Entman (1993) described framing as the procedure of selecting and reducing the information in order to sway opinions. Four characteristics of procedures of framing the news are described by Entman (1993): determine the problem. Recognition of cause. Make principled perceptions. And recommended preventions. Firstly. Frames could identify the issue by finding out the negative and positive role of causal agent. Secondly, frames recognize the sources that generate a problem by discovering the cause. Thirdly: these frames could analyze by generating principled perceptions either causal agent play a positive or negative role. Fourthly: frames could recommend prevention by presenting and explaining the solution of an issue. Entman made clear that frames do not necessarily play all functions; they might sometimes present function ono in a single sentence, sometimes perform nothing. 

Research Design

To determine how Arab-Israel relations-related editorials were covered in the newspapers, descriptive research was designed by the researcher. In order to know the coverage of Arab-Israel relations, by measuring the content in a qualitative and quantitative manner, mixed-method research was practiced. Content analysis was conducted to focus on the coverage of Arab- Israel relations-related editorials in The Washington Post newspaper within a period of six months from 15 Nov 2020 to 15 May 2021.




Content Analysis 

Content analysis has been exercised as an important method to analyze the content of the media for the past decade. The method of content analysis was generated for the quantitative research method, but it has also been developed as a qualitative method. Historically, content analysis is defined by Berelson (1952) as a research method to illustrate the demonstrated communication content systematically, objectively, and quantitatively (p. 488). As defined above, the method of content analysis is about counting the frequency of the communications to be represented in the table, graphs, and charts (Carney, 1972) as a detailed explanation of tables, charts, or graphs is the interpretation of the content. Next, the researchers explained as quantitative and qualitative methods (Wright, 1986); (Atheide,1966); (Carney, 1972), in which quantifying the frequency and interpretation of the content of the communication are steps of the process simultaneously. Wright (1986) stated that for structured classification and interpretation of the content of communication, content analysis has been considered as a best-suited research technique, "it may involve both quantitative and qualitative analysis or both" (page 125). Although quantitative content analysis seeks to confirm the hypothesis, qualitative content analysis has been practiced to find the latest knowledge and confirmation of the hypothesis (Atheide,1996). Researchers said that quantitative factors such as the size and frequency of media messages are not necessarily synonymous with the impact of the message, and it is inappropriate to assume that the quantitative factor is the only or even the main determinant of media impact (Neaumann, 1997); (Newbolt, Boyd-Barret, & Van Den Bulck, 2002).




Sampling Design

This research included the major English newspapers in America (The Washington post) selected for this analysis. At the time of research, the newspapers which were selected for analysis in this research were considered as the most circulated newspapers in the country. The reason of selecting these newspapers was given below: 

a) These articles are one of the main articles circulating on their local market and

b) Each newspaper has an accessible digital archive.  




Unit of Analysis

The thing that can be counted is the unit of analysis. It could be a single phrase or image, a concept, or a whole editorial or story (Wimmner et al., 1991: 164 and Sarantakos, 1998: 282). 

An individual editorial that related to Arab-Israel relations was the unit of analysis in this study. Unit of analysis are words, images. Subjects, sentences, sections, and a whole article which showed the nearness of one of the previously mentioned classes distributed in the publication of USA paper; Washington post, Pakistani paper; Dawn, and Iran paper; Tehran times during endorsed six months of the study period. 




Data Analysis

The collected data were processed through SPSS version 20 in order to conduct the systematic analysis. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, an approach that structures data in ways that make sense and help look at phenomena from different angles. The results were shown in frequency, tables, crosstabulations, and graphs. The researcher used descriptive as well as traditional statistics such as chi-square to illustrate the coverage of Arab-Israel relations related editorials. We review all editorials by (total related editorials, length of editorial, direction, presentations of viewpoints, evidence, and two-dimension coverage of Arab Israel relation editorials (Arab-Israel conflict/crisis, Israel recognition by the United States). The researcher also examined these dimensions of coverage by subject using statistics without parameters (i.e., chi-square test).

Results and Discussion

In this chapter presentations of the findings have been shown that was obtained from conducting a content analysis of Arab-Israel relations editorials gathered in this study. The findings of data analysis have been shown in tables and graphs in order to make them clearer and more precise. The research was conducted in the light of the following objectives: To determine how far USA newspapers draw attention to Arab-Israel relations, to evaluate which Arab-Israel relations topics are mostly covered in Arab-Israel relations editorials, to know the directions of Arab-Israel relations editorials discussed in these newspapers.




 

Data Presentation and Analysis

Direction of Editorial

Table 1.showing the direction of newspapers

Direction of Newspaper
		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	Positive	125	39.1	39.1	39.1
	Negative	100	34.4	34.4	73.4
	Neutral	95	26.6	26.6	100.0
	Total	320	100.0	100.0

 

Table 1 shows that 125 editorials are positive, 110 editorials are negative, and 95editorials are neutral related to Arab-Israel relations.

 

Provision of Evidence

Table 2. Showing the provision of evidence related to Arab Israel relations

Provision of evidence
		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	Scientific	150	46.9	46.9	46.9
	Nonscientific	170	53.1	53.1	100.0
	Total	320	100.0	100.0

 

Table 2 shows that out of 320 that 150 editorials have scientific evidence while 170 editorials have nonscientific evidence.

 

Provision of Evidence

Table 3. Showing the provision of evidence related to Arab Israel relations

Provision of evidence
		Frequency	Percent	Valid Percent	Cumulative Percent
Valid	Scientific	150	46.9	46.9	46.9
	Non Scientific	170	53.1	53.1	100.0
	Total	320	100.0	100.0

 

Table 3 shows that out of 320 that 150 editorials have scientific evidence while 170 editorials have nonscientific evidence.

 

USA press covers more space to presents Arab Israel relation-related editorials than Irani press

Table 4.

Newspaper Name  * Length of Article  Crosstabulation
		Length of Article				Total
		less than 500	Between 500 and 750	Between 750 and 1000	More than 1000
Newspaper Name	Washington Post	13	22	55	30	120
	Daily Dawn	20	40	27	3	90
	Tehran times	13	15	35	47	110
Total		46	77	117	80	320

Crosstabulation between newspapers and length of article

 

Table 5.

Chi-Square Tests
	Value	df	Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square	3.046a	6	.803
Likelihood Ratio	2.44	6	.800
Linear-by-Linear Association	1.2	1	.242
N of Valid Cases	320
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 40.17.

 




In comparison of editorials related to Arab Israel relations, the USA press have more tendency to present more space as compared to the Irani press. H1 was supported as ( x2=54.41, df=2, p=.000). Hence H2 is also significant.

 

Results and Discussion

A descriptive analysis of the content of printed news editorials has been in the leading English newspapers of the USA, Pakistan, and Iran. This analysis has been based on two theories: agenda-setting theory and framing theory to determine of the agenda and the limits of Arab-Israel relations editorials in the USA press. It is based on the idea of gathering media, the idea of agenda-setting in newspaper editorials, to highlight some aspects of the debate to the detriment of others. In turn. media framing plays a role in contextual and problem-based newspaper coverage of how the USA media presents Arab-Israel relations in terms of Arab-Israel conflict/crisis and Israel's recent recognition by Arab states.

 

Research Question

How many editorials of the six-month period US press focused on Arab- Israel relations?

Among the three top English newspapers, this study aimed to determine the number of editorials devoted to Arab-Israel relations in these newspapers. The percentage of editorials provided for Arab-Israel relations was calculated for each newspaper. Another discovery of the data is the number of editorials related to Arab-Israel relations found in each newspaper over a period of six months. It was seemed to be surprised that Arab-Israel relations editorials were verbosely discussed in USA editorials. TheThe study found that a total of 320 editorials were published related to Arab-Israel relations in USA, Pakistan, and Iran newspapers during six month time period using the theory of agenda-setting. According to the study, 120 (37.5%) editorials in the USA, 90 (28.1%) editorials in Pakistan, and 110 (34.4%) editorials in Iran newspapers were published related to Arab-Israel relations. Specifically, Wang and Gantz (2007) asked for a theory of the agenda in Arab-Israel relations topic in local Television in the United States.

In this study, out of 320 total editorials, 240editorials most often discussed the multiple viewpoints with a conclusion. These findings were contrary to the conclusion of Wang and Gantt (2007), which showed that 16 editorials had a single viewpoint, and 64 editorials had multiple viewpoints without a conclusion. These findings suggested the implementation of imperial steps for improving the Arab-Israel relations coverage in order to eliminate the thrust of the public. Prior research is related to the existent of two or more points of vices to the framing process won (Allen, 1991).  This study showed that out of 120 editorials of USA, eight editorials have single viewpoints, 90 editorials have multiple viewpoints with the conclusion, and 22 editorials have multiple viewpoints without conclusion, which are presented in Arab Israel relations-related editorials. Out of 90 editorials of Pakistan, four editorials have single viewpoints, 75 editorials have multiple viewpoints with the conclusion, and 11 editorials have multiple viewpoints without conclusion, which are presented in Arab-Israel relations-related editorials. Out of 110 editorials in Iran, four editorials have single viewpoints, 75 editorials have multiple viewpoints with the conclusion, and 21 editorials have multiple viewpoints without conclusion, which are presented in Arab-Israel relations-related editorials.

Summary and Conclusion

The new media always play a significant role in publicizing the international news and information related to Arab-Israel relations. Therefore, it was important to study the Arab-Israel relations in American, Pakistan, and Irani newspaper's editorials.

In the dissemination of Arab-Israel relations-related information, news media have always been played a significant part. Newspapers, after Television, as the second most frequently used source for getting information about Arab-Israel-related issues/crises, which are popular among the public (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2008). This study examined how the USA, Pakistani, and Irani print media deal with Arab-Israel relations. This study was supported by the utilization of the agenda-setting and the framing theory. The results presented above give the conclusion that three major newspapers in English largely covered Arab-Israel relations editorials. Nevertheless, multiple researches about reporting of Arab Israel relations in the newspaper have emphasized on certain topics such as Israel Palestine conflict/crisis like Israel Gaza violence, protest in east Jerusalem and Israel communities in Israel, and Israel recently recognition by Arab states such as UAE, Bahrain, Sudan, Morocco. This research aimed to find out how Arab-Israel relations editorials were framed in coverage of newspapers and find the source of information in Arab-Israel relations editorials. This chapter presented the conclusion of findings, and a summary of the study, limitations, and suggestions were assigned on the basis of findings. This is done in the context of the important role of news media played by the USA, Pakistan, and Irani press for the well-being of populations.

 Firstly, Agenda-setting theory proposed that the Significance of a topic is transmitted through the repeated occurrence in media coverage of media. The more frequently covered any issue by the news media, the more significant this topic becomes for the public. Thereby, this research was aimed to study Arab-Israel relations editorials in newspapers by analyzing the frequency of coverage of Arab Israel conflict/crisis and Israel recognition by Arab states. Secondly, framing theory Postulated that choosing and excluding the information have a tendency to strongly influence the people. In this research, Arab-Israel relations-related topics, the direction of content, sources of information, and the use of statistics are variables that help to better understand how Arab Israel relations-related news are disseminated. This study has attempted to fill the gap in the field of literature by studying the newspapers samples of Arab Israel relations editorials coverage in American, Pakistani, and Irani perspectives in the literature by studying the nature of coverage of Arab Israeli relations editorials in the USA, Pakistan, and Iran using newspaper samples.

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