DIGITALIZATION OF POLITICS DECONSTRUCTING THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN DEMOCRATIC STRENGTHENING A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF PAKISTAN

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2021(VI-II).20      10.31703/grr.2021(VI-II).20      Published : Jun 2
Authored by : Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad Siddiqui , Muhammad Imran Pasha , Kanwar Muhammad Yasir Furqan

20 Pages : 168-177

References

  • Afzal, M. (2017). Democracy in Pakistan: Elections tell us why voters behave badly. VoxDev. https://voxdev.org/topic/institutions- political-economy/democracy-pakistan- elections-tell-us-whypoliticians-behave-badly.
  • Agencies. (2020). Reporters without Borders blasts Imran's remarks on press freedom. DAWN.COM.
  • Aurora, M. (2020). Media Advertising Spend FY 2019-20. https://aurora.dawn.com/news/1143946.
  • Azam, M. (2008). Radicalization and Media. Conflict and Peace Studies, 1. PIPS 2
  • Bartholomew, M. (2017). Adcreep: The Case Against Modern Marketing. Stanford Law Books.
  • Blaha, C. O. (2012), Statement by the Delegation of the United States of America Human Rights Council 19th Session Geneva, Switzerland https://geneva.usmission.gov/2012/03/19/it em8/
  • Bourdieu, P. (1987). What Makes a Social Class? On The Theoretical and Practical Existence Of Groups. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 32, 1-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41035356.
  • Brazeal, G. (2011). How Much Does a Belief Cost? Revisiting the Marketplace of Ideas. Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, 21(1), 2- 10
  • Callard, K. (1957). Pakistan: A Political Study. London : George Allen & Unwin,
  • Couldry, N., & Hepp, A. (2013). Conceptualizing Mediatization: Contexts, Traditions, Arguments. Communication Theory, 23(3), 191- 202. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12019.
  • Dahlberg, L. (2010) Cyber-libertarianism 2.0: A Discourse theory/critical political economy examination. Cultural Politics 6(3), 331-356.
  • Din, U. N. (2020). Pakistan media. Media Landscapes: Maastricht, The Netherlands. https://medialandscapes.org/country/pakistan
  • Downey, J., & Fenton, N. (2003). New Media, Counter Publicity and the Public Sphere. New Media & Society, 5(2), 185-202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444803005002 003
  • Dunn, J. (1993). Democracy: the unfinished journey 508 BC-AD, Oxford University Press,
  • Esser, F., & Strömbäck, J. (2014). Mediatization of Politics. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Friedland, L. A., Hove, T., & Rojas, H. (2006). The Networked Public Sphere. Javnost - The Public, 13(4), 5-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2006.110 08922.
  • Fuller, M. (2004). Behind the Blip: Essays on the Culture of Software. London: Pluto Press.
  • Gallup, Pakistan (2021). Talk show content analysis. January. https://gallup.com.pk/.
  • Gaziano, C., & McGrath, K. (1986). Measuring the concept of credibility. Journalism Quarterly, 63(3), 451-462.
  • Geraint, P. (1972). Participation in politics. Anderson, Bryce. Manchester: Manchester University Press [Totowa, N.J.] Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Gerbner, G. (1969). Toward
  • Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1986). Living with television: The dynamics of the cultivation process. Perspectives on Media Effects, 17-40.
  • GOP (Government of Pakistan) (2020b). Pakistan Economic Survey 2019-2020. Islamabad: Finance Division.
  • Hassan, K. (2014). The role of private electronic media in radicalising Pakistan. The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, 103(1), 65-81
  • Hjarvard, S. (2013). The mediatization of society and culture. London, England: Routledge
  • Howarth, D. R. (2008). Ethos, Agonism and Populism: William Connolly and the Case for Radical Democracy. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 10(2), 171-193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 856x.2007.00308.x
  • Hungbo, J. (2007). Credible news measures: A medium's integrity. Nebula, 4(1), 276-284.
  • Inayatullah, Inayatullah, S., & Inayatullah, S. (1997). The futures of democracy in Pakistan. Futures, 29(10), 955-970. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016- 3287(97)00077-3
  • Junaid, I. (2021) Digital media freedom in Pakistan remains weak: report https://www.dawn.com/news/1654587
  • Landemore, H. (2020). Open democracy: reinventing popular rule for the twenty-first century. Princeton, New Jersey.
  • Mazzoleni, G., & Schulz, W. (1999). https://doi.org/10.1080/105846099198613.
  • McLeod, D. M., Wise, D., & Perryman, M. (2017). Thinking about the media: A review of theory and research on media perceptions, media effects perceptions, and their consequences. Review of Communication Research, 5, 35-83. https://doi.org/10.12840/issn.2255- 4165.2017.05.01.013
  • Metzger, M. J., Flanagin, A. J., Eyal, K., Lemus, D. R., & McCann, R. M. (2003). Credibility for the 21st century: Integrating perspectives on source, message, and media credibility in the contemporary media environment. Annals of the International Communication Association, 27(1), 293-335.
  • Michels, R. (1999). Political Parties. Amsterdam University Press.
  • Miller, J. I., & Wolin, S. (2021). Democratic Temperament: The Legacy of William James. University Press of Kansas. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1p2gk0g
  • Müller, L. (2014). Comparing mass media in established democracies: patterns of media performance. Springer
  • O'Hara, C. (2008, February 20). Musharraf: I take all the credit for Pakistan's media freedom. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2008/02/20/mus harraf-i-take-all-the-credit-for-pakistans-media- freedom
  • Oxford University Press (OUP). (2021). democracy. Lexico.Com. https://www.lexico.com/definition/democra cy.
  • Riddle, K. (2010). Always on my mind: Exploring how frequent, recent, and vivid television portrayals are used in the formation of social reality judgments. Media Psychology, 13(2), 155- 179.
  • Rizvi, H. A. (2000). Pakistan in 1999: Back to square one. Asian Survey, 40(1), 208-218.
  • Sadiq, N., Laila, U., Mehmood, T., & Shafique, M. S. (2021). Natural Calamities and Sensation in Media; A Study of Corona Virus Coverage in Electronic Media of Pakistan. Journal of Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies, 7(1), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.26710/jafee.v7i1.1505
  • Schaal, G.S., Helbig, K., Fleuss, D., & Schmidt, H. (2017). Measuring Democracy in the Age of Digitalization. Theoretical Issues, Methodological Concerns, and Exemplary Solutions.
  • Settle, Q. (2018). Introducing Communication Theory: Analysis and Application. Journal of Applied Communications, 102(3). https://doi.org/10.4148/1051-0834.1223
  • Siddiqa, A. (2007). Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan's Military Economy, Pluto Press 2007
  • Strömbäck, J. (2008). Four phases of mediatization: An analysis of the mediatization of politics. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(3), 228- 246.
  • Wahab, A. J. (2011). Television talk shows and the public sphere. Malaysian Journal of Communication, 27(2), 29-45
  • Waqas, M., & Khattak, M. (2017). Democracy in Pakistan: Problems and Prospects in Making Informed Choices. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 4(1), 9-11. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v4i1.16225
  • Willnat, L., Weaver, D. H., & Wilhoit, G. C. (2019). The American journalist in the digital age: How journalists and the public think about journalism in the United States. Journalism Studies, 20(3), 423-441.
  • Wydra, Harald (2007).
  • Afzal, M. (2017). Democracy in Pakistan: Elections tell us why voters behave badly. VoxDev. https://voxdev.org/topic/institutions- political-economy/democracy-pakistan- elections-tell-us-whypoliticians-behave-badly.
  • Agencies. (2020). Reporters without Borders blasts Imran's remarks on press freedom. DAWN.COM.
  • Aurora, M. (2020). Media Advertising Spend FY 2019-20. https://aurora.dawn.com/news/1143946.
  • Azam, M. (2008). Radicalization and Media. Conflict and Peace Studies, 1. PIPS 2
  • Bartholomew, M. (2017). Adcreep: The Case Against Modern Marketing. Stanford Law Books.
  • Blaha, C. O. (2012), Statement by the Delegation of the United States of America Human Rights Council 19th Session Geneva, Switzerland https://geneva.usmission.gov/2012/03/19/it em8/
  • Bourdieu, P. (1987). What Makes a Social Class? On The Theoretical and Practical Existence Of Groups. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 32, 1-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41035356.
  • Brazeal, G. (2011). How Much Does a Belief Cost? Revisiting the Marketplace of Ideas. Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal, 21(1), 2- 10
  • Callard, K. (1957). Pakistan: A Political Study. London : George Allen & Unwin,
  • Couldry, N., & Hepp, A. (2013). Conceptualizing Mediatization: Contexts, Traditions, Arguments. Communication Theory, 23(3), 191- 202. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12019.
  • Dahlberg, L. (2010) Cyber-libertarianism 2.0: A Discourse theory/critical political economy examination. Cultural Politics 6(3), 331-356.
  • Din, U. N. (2020). Pakistan media. Media Landscapes: Maastricht, The Netherlands. https://medialandscapes.org/country/pakistan
  • Downey, J., & Fenton, N. (2003). New Media, Counter Publicity and the Public Sphere. New Media & Society, 5(2), 185-202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444803005002 003
  • Dunn, J. (1993). Democracy: the unfinished journey 508 BC-AD, Oxford University Press,
  • Esser, F., & Strömbäck, J. (2014). Mediatization of Politics. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Friedland, L. A., Hove, T., & Rojas, H. (2006). The Networked Public Sphere. Javnost - The Public, 13(4), 5-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2006.110 08922.
  • Fuller, M. (2004). Behind the Blip: Essays on the Culture of Software. London: Pluto Press.
  • Gallup, Pakistan (2021). Talk show content analysis. January. https://gallup.com.pk/.
  • Gaziano, C., & McGrath, K. (1986). Measuring the concept of credibility. Journalism Quarterly, 63(3), 451-462.
  • Geraint, P. (1972). Participation in politics. Anderson, Bryce. Manchester: Manchester University Press [Totowa, N.J.] Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Gerbner, G. (1969). Toward
  • Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1986). Living with television: The dynamics of the cultivation process. Perspectives on Media Effects, 17-40.
  • GOP (Government of Pakistan) (2020b). Pakistan Economic Survey 2019-2020. Islamabad: Finance Division.
  • Hassan, K. (2014). The role of private electronic media in radicalising Pakistan. The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, 103(1), 65-81
  • Hjarvard, S. (2013). The mediatization of society and culture. London, England: Routledge
  • Howarth, D. R. (2008). Ethos, Agonism and Populism: William Connolly and the Case for Radical Democracy. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 10(2), 171-193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 856x.2007.00308.x
  • Hungbo, J. (2007). Credible news measures: A medium's integrity. Nebula, 4(1), 276-284.
  • Inayatullah, Inayatullah, S., & Inayatullah, S. (1997). The futures of democracy in Pakistan. Futures, 29(10), 955-970. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016- 3287(97)00077-3
  • Junaid, I. (2021) Digital media freedom in Pakistan remains weak: report https://www.dawn.com/news/1654587
  • Landemore, H. (2020). Open democracy: reinventing popular rule for the twenty-first century. Princeton, New Jersey.
  • Mazzoleni, G., & Schulz, W. (1999). https://doi.org/10.1080/105846099198613.
  • McLeod, D. M., Wise, D., & Perryman, M. (2017). Thinking about the media: A review of theory and research on media perceptions, media effects perceptions, and their consequences. Review of Communication Research, 5, 35-83. https://doi.org/10.12840/issn.2255- 4165.2017.05.01.013
  • Metzger, M. J., Flanagin, A. J., Eyal, K., Lemus, D. R., & McCann, R. M. (2003). Credibility for the 21st century: Integrating perspectives on source, message, and media credibility in the contemporary media environment. Annals of the International Communication Association, 27(1), 293-335.
  • Michels, R. (1999). Political Parties. Amsterdam University Press.
  • Miller, J. I., & Wolin, S. (2021). Democratic Temperament: The Legacy of William James. University Press of Kansas. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1p2gk0g
  • Müller, L. (2014). Comparing mass media in established democracies: patterns of media performance. Springer
  • O'Hara, C. (2008, February 20). Musharraf: I take all the credit for Pakistan's media freedom. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2008/02/20/mus harraf-i-take-all-the-credit-for-pakistans-media- freedom
  • Oxford University Press (OUP). (2021). democracy. Lexico.Com. https://www.lexico.com/definition/democra cy.
  • Riddle, K. (2010). Always on my mind: Exploring how frequent, recent, and vivid television portrayals are used in the formation of social reality judgments. Media Psychology, 13(2), 155- 179.
  • Rizvi, H. A. (2000). Pakistan in 1999: Back to square one. Asian Survey, 40(1), 208-218.
  • Sadiq, N., Laila, U., Mehmood, T., & Shafique, M. S. (2021). Natural Calamities and Sensation in Media; A Study of Corona Virus Coverage in Electronic Media of Pakistan. Journal of Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies, 7(1), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.26710/jafee.v7i1.1505
  • Schaal, G.S., Helbig, K., Fleuss, D., & Schmidt, H. (2017). Measuring Democracy in the Age of Digitalization. Theoretical Issues, Methodological Concerns, and Exemplary Solutions.
  • Settle, Q. (2018). Introducing Communication Theory: Analysis and Application. Journal of Applied Communications, 102(3). https://doi.org/10.4148/1051-0834.1223
  • Siddiqa, A. (2007). Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan's Military Economy, Pluto Press 2007
  • Strömbäck, J. (2008). Four phases of mediatization: An analysis of the mediatization of politics. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(3), 228- 246.
  • Wahab, A. J. (2011). Television talk shows and the public sphere. Malaysian Journal of Communication, 27(2), 29-45
  • Waqas, M., & Khattak, M. (2017). Democracy in Pakistan: Problems and Prospects in Making Informed Choices. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 4(1), 9-11. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v4i1.16225
  • Willnat, L., Weaver, D. H., & Wilhoit, G. C. (2019). The American journalist in the digital age: How journalists and the public think about journalism in the United States. Journalism Studies, 20(3), 423-441.
  • Wydra, Harald (2007).

Cite this article

    APA : Siddiqui, M. S. A., Pasha, M. I., & Furqan, K. M. Y. (2021). Digitalization of Politics; Deconstructing the Role of (Social) Media in Democratic Strengthening: A Situational Analysis of Pakistan. Global Regional Review, VI(II), 168-177. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2021(VI-II).20
    CHICAGO : Siddiqui, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Muhammad Imran Pasha, and Kanwar Muhammad Yasir Furqan. 2021. "Digitalization of Politics; Deconstructing the Role of (Social) Media in Democratic Strengthening: A Situational Analysis of Pakistan." Global Regional Review, VI (II): 168-177 doi: 10.31703/grr.2021(VI-II).20
    HARVARD : SIDDIQUI, M. S. A., PASHA, M. I. & FURQAN, K. M. Y. 2021. Digitalization of Politics; Deconstructing the Role of (Social) Media in Democratic Strengthening: A Situational Analysis of Pakistan. Global Regional Review, VI, 168-177.
    MHRA : Siddiqui, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Muhammad Imran Pasha, and Kanwar Muhammad Yasir Furqan. 2021. "Digitalization of Politics; Deconstructing the Role of (Social) Media in Democratic Strengthening: A Situational Analysis of Pakistan." Global Regional Review, VI: 168-177
    MLA : Siddiqui, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Muhammad Imran Pasha, and Kanwar Muhammad Yasir Furqan. "Digitalization of Politics; Deconstructing the Role of (Social) Media in Democratic Strengthening: A Situational Analysis of Pakistan." Global Regional Review, VI.II (2021): 168-177 Print.
    OXFORD : Siddiqui, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Pasha, Muhammad Imran, and Furqan, Kanwar Muhammad Yasir (2021), "Digitalization of Politics; Deconstructing the Role of (Social) Media in Democratic Strengthening: A Situational Analysis of Pakistan", Global Regional Review, VI (II), 168-177
    TURABIAN : Siddiqui, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Muhammad Imran Pasha, and Kanwar Muhammad Yasir Furqan. "Digitalization of Politics; Deconstructing the Role of (Social) Media in Democratic Strengthening: A Situational Analysis of Pakistan." Global Regional Review VI, no. II (2021): 168-177. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2021(VI-II).20