ARTICLE

MODIS STRATEGIC CONCERNS AND CHINAS BELT ROAD IMITATIVE BRI A REALIST PERSPECTIVE

  1. HOME
  2. ARTICLE

15 Pages : 136-144

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2021(VI-I).15      10.31703/grr.2021(VI-I).15      Published : Mar 2021

Modi's Strategic Concerns and China's Belt & Road Imitative (BRI): A Realist Perspective

Abstract

    This article provides a conceptual and theoretical framework to analyze motivations of China in BRI, which is conceived as a project of the 21st century for the revival of erstwhile Asian values, this paper is not a critique on BRI, but it securitizes India's concern whose policymakers consider that it can harm the strategic interest of India. This paper investigates why Indian policymakers have demonstrated reluctance to join BRI. Moreover, the study also explores the major reasons behind India's belligerent policy against BRI because they conceive it as a danger for their national sovereignty. Besides, this research has applied realist theory as an investigative tool to prove Indian concerns. As a whole, the paper analyses that how far the rivalry between both states can harm regional peace if they fail to find any suitable solution considering the BRI project.

    India, China. Strategic, BRI, Security

    (1) Shabnam Gul
    Ph.D. Political Science, Department of International Relations, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Muhammad Faizan Asghar
    Terrorism Analyst Course from RSIS, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, United Nations Protection of Civilians and Critical Infrastructures Course, CIPS, NUST Pakistan.
    (3) Iram Naseer Ahmed
    Assistant Professor, Department of History, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Scholar, Arizona State University, USA.
Fulltext PDF

References

  • ACCA Global. (2017, July). The Belt and Road initiative: reshaping the global value chain. https://www.accaglobal.com/gb/en/professi onal-insights/global-economics/the-belt-androad-initiative.html
  • Andrea, A. J. (2014). The silk road in world history: a review essay. Asian Review of World Histories, 2(1), 105-127. https://doi.org/10.12773/arwh.2014.2.1.10 5
  • Arora, R. (2015, June 18). New Silk Route? China plans Kunming-Kolkata railway link. The Economic Times.
  • Baron, H. (1961). Machiavelli: the republican citizen and the author of'The Prince'. The English Historical Review, 76(299), 217-253.
  • Baruah, D. M. (2018, August 21). India's Answer to the Belt and Road: A Road Map for South Asia. Carnegie India. https://carnegieindia.org/2018/08/21/indias-answer-to-belt-and-road-road-map-for-southasia-pub-77071
  • Baruah, D. M., & Mohan, C. R. (2018). Connectivity and regional integration: Prospects for SinoIndian cooperation. In Rethinking the Silk Road (pp. 85-98). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Behera, N. C. (2007). Demystifying Kashmir. Brookings Institution Press.
  • Bremzen, A. V. (2019, October 11). On the Modern Silk Road, Discover the Colors and Characters of Uzbekistan. AFAR. https://www.afar.com/magazine/on-the-modernsilk-road-discover-uzbekistans-colors-and-characters
  • Campbell, K. M., & O'Hanlon, M. E. (2006). Hard power: The new politics of national security. Basic Books (AZ)
  • Chacko, P. (2013). Indian foreign policy: the politics of postcolonial identity from 1947 to 2004. Routledge.
  • Chandra, V. (2017). Modi government and changing patterns in Indian foreign policy. Jadavpur Journal of International Relations, 21(2), 98-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973598417731 241
  • Cheng, D. (2010). China's view of South Asia and the Indian Ocean. Heritage Lectures, 1163(18). http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2010/p df/hl1163.pdf
  • Cheong, D. (2018, March 26). China needs 'new narrative' for Belt and Road Initiative for it to reap dividends, says economist. The Straits Times.
  • Craig, L. H. (2013). The Platonian Leviathan. University of Toronto Press.
  • Crane, G. (1998). Thucydides and the ancient simplicity: The limits of political realism. University of California Press.
  • Djankov, S., & Miner, S. (Eds.). (2016). China's Belt and Road Initiative: motives, scope, and challenges. Peterson Institute for International Economics.
  • Forde, S. (1992). Varieties of realism: Thucydides and Machiavelli. The Journal of Politics, 54(2), 372-393.
  • Forde, S. (1995). International realism and the science of politics: Thucydides, Machiavelli, and neorealism. International Studies Quarterly, 39(2), 141-160. https://doi.org/10.2307/2600844
  • Garofano, J., & Dew, A. J. (Eds.). (2013). Deep currents and rising tides: The Indian Ocean and international security. Georgetown University Press.
  • Garst, D. (1989). Thucydides and neorealism. International Studies Quarterly, 33(1), 3-27. https://doi.org/10.2307/2600491
  • Gauthier, D. P. (1969). The logic of Leviathan: the moral and political theory of Thomas Hobbes. Oxford University Press.
  • Gupta, A. K., Govindarajan, V., & Wang, H. (2008). The quest for global dominance: Transforming global presence into global competitive advantage. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hall, I. (2016). Multialignment and Indian foreign policy under Narendra Modi. The Round Table, 105(3), 271-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2016.118 0760
  • Hall, I. (2019). Modi and the reinvention of Indian foreign policy. Policy Press.
  • Hulliung, M. (2017). Citizen Machiavelli. Routledge.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (2011). Liberal Leviathan: The origins, crisis, and transformation of the American world order. Princeton University Press.
  • Izuyama, M., & Kurita, M. (2017). East Asian Strategic Review. Nids.jp. http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publicati on/east-asian/index.html
  • Jamal, N. (2016, January 11). CPEC Triggered Investment. Dawn News.
  • Kahandawaarachchi, T. (2015). Politics of ports: China's investments in Pakistan, Sri Lanka & Bangladesh [Master's Thesis, University of Washington]. Research Work Achieves. https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchwo rks/handle/1773/33536
  • Kaplan, R. D. (2009). Center stage for the twentyfirst century: power plays in the Indian Ocean. Foreign Affairs, 88(2),16-32.
  • Kaplan, R. D. (2011). Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the future of American power. Random House Incorporated.
  • Kaplan, R. D. (2013). The revenge of geography: What the map tells us about coming conflicts and the battle against fate. Random House Trade Paperbacks.
  • Karnad, B. (2018). Staggering Forward: Narendra Modi and India's Global Ambition. Penguin Random House India Private Limited
  • Khalid, I. (2013). Indian Ocean: Global and Regional Strategies. Journal of Political Studies, 20(2), 21.
  • Khan, Z. A. (2012). China's Gwadar and India's Chahbahar. Strategic Studies, 32, 79-101.
  • Khetran, M. S. (2018). Gwadar and Chabahar. Strategic Studies, 38(2), 43-55.
  • Krishnan, A. (2018, November 30). The other G20 meeting: can Xi and Modi solve the China-India border paradox? The Week in Asia. https://www.scmp.com/weekasia/geopolitics/article/2175679/ other-g20- meeting-can-xi-and-modi-solve-china-indiaborder
  • Kulkarni, S. (2017, May 25). BJP's Belt and Road myopia. The Indian Express.
  • Lebow, R. N. (2001). Thucydides the constructivist. American Political Science Review, 95(3), 547-560. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305540100311 2
  • Lehr, P. (2002). The Challenge of Security in the Indian Ocean in the 21st Century: Plus ça change...?. Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics, (13). 1-24. https://doi.org/10.11588/hpsap.2002.13.218 1
  • Lim, T. W., Lim, W. X., Chan, H. H. L., & Tseng, K. H. Y. (2016). China's one belt one road initiative. World Scientific.
  • Machiavelli, N. (1982). The prince and the discourses. Modern Library.
  • Machiavelli, N. (1983). The Discourses. Penguin Classics.
  • Machiavelli, N. (2009). Discourses on livy. University of Chicago Press.
  • Machiavelli, N., & Atkinson, J. B. (2008). The Prince (Atkinson Edition). Hackett Publishing.
  • Marsh. C., & Dreyer, J. T. (2003). U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-First Century: Policies, Prospects and Possibilities. Lexington Books.
  • Michel, D. (2012, September 26). Indian Ocean Rising: Maritime Security and Policy Challenges. Stimson. https://www.stimson.org/2012/indianocean-rising-maritime-security-and-policychallenges/
  • Ministry of the Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2013, September). President Xi Jinping Delivers Important Speech and Proposes to Build a Silk Road Economic Belt with Central Asian Countries. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_ 665678/xjpfwzysiesgjtfhshzzfh_665686/t1076 334.shtml
  • Morgenthau, H. J. (2004). Political theory and international affairs: Hans J. Morgenthau on Aristotle's The Politics. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Morghentau, H. (1973). Politics among nations: the struggle for power and peace. New York: alfred Knopf. Inc.
  • Mukherjee, K. (2014). The South Asian association for regional cooperation: problems and prospects. Progress in Development Studies, 14(4), 373-381. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464993414521 524
  • Nye Jr, J. S. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. Public affairs.
  • Nye Jr, J. S. (2015). Is the American century over? John Wiley & Sons.
  • Pehrson, C. J. (2006). String of pearls: Meeting the challenge of China's rising power across the Asian littoral. Biblio Gov. Publishing.
  • Pillsbury, M. (2015). The Hundred-Year Marathon: China's Secret Strategy to Replace America as the Global Superpower. Henry Holt and Co.
  • Qingxin, L. (2006). Maritime Silk Road. China Press.
  • Rana, K. S. (2017). China's belt and road initiative (bri): implications, prospects & consequences: impact on india & its china diplomacy. ICS Occasional
  • Ruan, X., Bandara, Y. M., Lee, J. Y., Lee, P. T. W., & Chhetri, P. (2019). Impacts of the Belt and Road Initiative in the Indian subcontinent under future port development scenarios. Maritime Policy & Management, 46(8), 905-919. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2019.159 4425
  • Sachdeva, G. (2016). India in a reconnecting Eurasia: Foreign economic and security interests. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Sachdeva, G. (2018). Indian perceptions of the Chinese Belt and Road initiative. International Studies, 55(4), 285-296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020881718807 359
  • Sahasrabuddhe, V. (2015, October 16). Speech by BJP national vice president, Dr Vinay Sahasrabuddhe at Asian political parties special conference on Silk Road, Beijing. Indian Council for Cultural Relations. https://www.iccr.gov.in/minister/dr-vinaysahasrabuddhe
  • Sakhuja, V., & Chan, J. (Eds.). (2016). China's maritime silk road and Asia. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd.
  • Schaffer, T. C. (2011). India next door, China over the horizon: The view from South Asia. Strategic Asia, 12, 285-310.
  • Sheppard, E. (2016). Limits to globalization: The disruptive geographies of capitalist development. Oxford University Press.
  • Sibal, K. (2017, June 07). The Belt and Road Forum: India Hits the Nail. Indian Defence Review. http://www.indiandefencereview.com/thebelt-and-road-forum-india-hits-the-nail/
  • Simbar, R., & Rezapour, D. (2020). Strategic Competitions between Powerful Countries in India-Oceania and Eurasia. Journal of Sepehre Siyasat, 7(24), 137-166.
  • Singh, S. (Ed.). (2017). Modi and the world:(Re) constructing Indian foreign policy. World Scientific
  • Small, A. (2014, January). Regional Dynamics and Strategic Concerns in South Asia: China's Role. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/files/publication/1401 27Small Regional DynamicsChina_Web.pdf
  • Spegele, R. D. (1996). Political Realism in International Theory. Cambridge University Press
  • Sreedhar, S. (2010). Hobbes on resistance: defying the Leviathan. Cambridge University Press
  • Tendulkar, L. S. (2012). Understanding Reforms: Post-1991 India. OUP Catalogue.
  • Tharoor, S. (2011). The Elephant, The Tiger and The Cell Phone: India, the Emerging 21st-Century Power. Arcade Publishing.
  • The World Financial Review. (2018, April). Betting Big on CPEC. Tiezzi, S. (2014, May 09). China's 'New Silk Road'Vision Revealed. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2014/05/chinasnew-silk-road-vision-revealed/
  • Wang, F. L. (2009). To Assess the Rise of China. Asia Policy, 8(1), 151-160.
  • Wenwen, W. (2018, November 29). CPEC defies skepticism to aid Pakistan's development. Global Times. https://worldfinancialreview.com/bettingbig-on-cpec/
  • Xing, Y. (2016). The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and China's role in regional economic governance. East Asian Policy, 8(02), 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1142/S179393051600017 9
  • Zhao, S. (Ed.). (2003). Chinese foreign policy: pragmatism and strategic behavior. ME Sharpe.
  • Zheng, Y., & Tok, S. K. (2007). Harmonious society and harmonious world: China's policy discourse under Hu Jintao. Briefing Series, 26, 1-12.

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Gul, S., Asghar, M. F., & Ahmed, I. N. (2021). Modi's Strategic Concerns and China's Belt & Road Imitative (BRI): A Realist Perspective. Global Regional Review, VI(I), 136-144. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2021(VI-I).15

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Gul, Shabnam, Muhammad Faizan Asghar, and Iram Naseer Ahmed. 2021. "Modi's Strategic Concerns and China's Belt & Road Imitative (BRI): A Realist Perspective." Global Regional Review, VI (I): 136-144 doi: 10.31703/grr.2021(VI-I).15

HARVARD

    HARVARD : GUL, S., ASGHAR, M. F. & AHMED, I. N. 2021. Modi's Strategic Concerns and China's Belt & Road Imitative (BRI): A Realist Perspective. Global Regional Review, VI, 136-144.

MHRA

    MHRA : Gul, Shabnam, Muhammad Faizan Asghar, and Iram Naseer Ahmed. 2021. "Modi's Strategic Concerns and China's Belt & Road Imitative (BRI): A Realist Perspective." Global Regional Review, VI: 136-144

MLA

    MLA : Gul, Shabnam, Muhammad Faizan Asghar, and Iram Naseer Ahmed. "Modi's Strategic Concerns and China's Belt & Road Imitative (BRI): A Realist Perspective." Global Regional Review, VI.I (2021): 136-144 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Gul, Shabnam, Asghar, Muhammad Faizan, and Ahmed, Iram Naseer (2021), "Modi's Strategic Concerns and China's Belt & Road Imitative (BRI): A Realist Perspective", Global Regional Review, VI (I), 136-144

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Gul, Shabnam, Muhammad Faizan Asghar, and Iram Naseer Ahmed. "Modi's Strategic Concerns and China's Belt & Road Imitative (BRI): A Realist Perspective." Global Regional Review VI, no. I (2021): 136-144. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2021(VI-I).15