Abstract
Instagram usage and its effects on the self-perception of university students in Lahore were investigated. The effects of its use on the self-perception of university students have been found through quantitative research design using survey method. Multistage sampling was utilized for the selection of the sample. In the first stage, the sample was selected from three universities. In the second stage, departments were selected for each university. In the third stage, the sample was further selected from the education, mass communication, psychology, and computer science departments. The results showed that users visit Instagram more than a few times a day and look at the lives of others through their photos. After comparison, Instagram users become unhappy about their lifestyle and dissatisfied with their bodies. The users do not get relaxed rather frustrated. Users are interested in presenting themselves like celebrities; they use filters and crop their photos to present them beautifully. They also look for the products and procedures to look beautiful and lose weight.
Key Words
Social Media, Satisfaction, Self-Comparison, Beauty Ideals
Introduction
Social media users are increasing rapidly worldwide. The majority of users, 89%, visit their accounts at least once a day. Eighty million photos are shared on Instagram every day, with more than 300 million users (Apodaca, 2017).
Instagram has become the most visited social media platform after Facebook and Snapchat; it visited more than Twitter and YouTube (PEW Research Center, 2018). The potential of Instagram as social media platform was realized early, when Facebook bought Instagram in 2012 (BBC, April 10, 2012) for "$1 billion" (Luckerson, 2016).
The analysis of 'active use of internet-powered mobile services' recorded 44.61 million users by the end of January 2019 (Farooq, 2019). According to the Global digital report, 21% of the total population of Pakistan uses mobile internet while active social media users are 18%. Instagram has become the second most used social media platform after Facebook, with 92% users according to Pakistan Social Media Stats (2018).
According to the digital report of 'We Are Social,' there are 6.40 million users of Instagram in Pakistan currently, with a growth rate of 8.5% every month. Twitter, Snapchat, and LinkedIn have 1.83, 4.40, and 6.40 million users, respectively (We Are Social, 2020).
Figure 1
Usages Trend data from PEW Research Center Surveys 2018
Source: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/03/01/social-media-use-in-2018/
The widespread usage of social media is witnessed worldwide, and it has been found to bring changes in the lives
of individuals, and those changes are diverse in nature (Koç and Tatl?, 2017).
The term social media was defined first in 2011 by Oxford (Zaharia, Vlad, Cercel, Rebedea, & Chiru, 2020), as websites used for social networking are collectively called social media. The most known, famous, and widely used social media are Facebook, Instagram, Tumblr, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, My Space, WhatsApp, Skype, and Google Plus.
Students and young ones have been found it convenient to share information about their studies and school events through social media.
Another key benefit of using social media is that it provides a space to form new interpersonal relationships over the internet and is a source for making new connections (Abbas, Aman, Nurunnabi, & Bano, 2019).
Instagram: An Introduction
Instagram has emerged as a social networking site that has offered a place to share pictures and videos. This application was initially designed for IOS (operating system) only. Instagram became "an era of mobile photography" Manovich, 2016 as people started capturing precisely for Instagram.
Figure 2
Instagram Audience Overview Pakistan
Source: We Are Social, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2019-pakistan
Instagram Usage in Pakistan
There are 6,349,000 active users of Instagram in Pakistan. The users make up 3.2% of the total population of Pakistan. The analysis also found that the users comprise people 18 to 24 years as the leading segment; 65.3% are male users, making 3,100,000 users that are 1,100,000 more than female users that make 34.7%. The users from the young population (18-24 years) are 45.7%. The second highest age group that takes advantage of Instagram in Pakistan is 25 to 34 years, making 34.6%; 13 to 17 years old and 35 to 44 years old make 7.7% of the active users of the current time.
The statistics of social media use in Pakistan support that Instagram is the second most used application with 6.40 million users currently with an increasing rate of 8.5% monthly (We are Social, 2019).
Figure 3
Instagram Users in Pakistan by NapoleonCat
Source: https://napoleoncat.com/stats/instagram-users-in-pakistan/2019/12
Instagram Usage
The use of Instagram was increasing with time. The use of this application was increasing day by day. People appreciated the idea of using an app to post videos and photos, which became the reason for its popularity.
The initial analysis of the use of Instagram found that the young generation of the country uses this application more than any other age group (Smith & Anderson, 2018). The count showed that 71% of youth use Instagram.
Instagram among University Students
It is not only an observation that young people use social media more than any age group, but the research and studies worldwide have also supported the fact.
Instagram has been used by individuals and organizations as well. There were and are businesses using this application for marketing and promotion (Martikainen & Pitkänen, 2019).
Instagram for Social Interaction
Social media and the internet have played a significant role in decreased face-to-face interaction (Clark,
Algoe, & Green, 2017), where communication and social interaction are incorporated by technology.
Body Image and Ideals
Previous researches have found the significant trends of Instagram as #fitspiration and #thinspiration (Tiggemann & Zacc1ardo, 2018). These two trends were introduced to inspire users and followers to look fit and thin. The models or the social media celebrities used to post their photos of thin and fit bodies to be the ideal. People want to be like them.
Lifestyle on Instagram
Instagram is used to project a version of one's lifestyle by posting photos depicting their routine (Wallace & Jun
2019). The lifestyle-related photos are also intended to create the image of an ideal lifestyle in people's minds and portray the life events to improvise a lifestyle for the followers.
Literature Review
Instagram Use among University Students>The excessive use of Instagram has been a concern as>it has the incline and risks of addiction for university students (Kuss & Griffiths, 2017). >University students addicted to Instagram have their academic performance, and life satisfaction gets affected due to this addiction. It directly affects the students' well-being (Satici, 2019). >The use of Instagram among university students has raised to the level of addiction where university users have an emotional involvement in using Instagram. Isada and Isada (2019) found that addiction and emotional attachment with Instagram correlate with the number of followers and followings on the profile. The more followers and followings a user has, the more he or she is addicted to and attached to Instagram (Isada & Isada, 2019). >Ershad and Aghajani (2017) studied Instagram addiction based on alexithymia, attachment styles, and neuroticism. Alexithymia is also a risk factor as it is relevant to interpersonal issues. People with disturbed emotions tend to be addicted to Instagram because they have interpersonal issues, so they like to stay busy in the virtual world and on Instagram (Ershad & Aghajani, 2017). >K?rcaburun and Griffiths (2018) found that users find themselves away from the real world and emotionally attached to their online relationships as they leave more comments and likes on their posts (K?rcaburun & Griffiths, 2018).>For minimizing the negative body image generated among the users of Instagram, #fatspiration/#fatspo and #healthateverysize/ #haeshashtags came into the trend for bringing overall well-being to the users (Webb, Vinoski, Bonar, Davies & Etzel, 2017). > >Pseudo Self Presentation: Motives Behind>Different reasons for using Instagram differ from culture to culture (Schaffer & Debb, 2020). Instagram is the platform that offers space to upload and post photos of yourself for self-expression (Andalibi, Ozturk, & Forte, 2017). >Lee, Abu Bakar, Muhammad Dahri, and Sin (2015) examined the use of photo-sharing application Instagram use and found that the main reasons are "community support, self-representation, status-seeking, and informativeness." >The feelings about self are related to the likes and comments on one's picture posted on Instagram (Bay, 2015).>Change and Jerry (2019) found that Instagram users' self-esteem and self-esteem are related to the comments about their looks and likes on their pictures.> >Instagram Selfies and Body Satisfaction>The users who are seriously addicted to Instagram have reported less body satisfaction as they compare themselves with people on social media. As they see more appearance-related content on social media, they are more involved in social comparison and become less satisfied with their own selves and their appearance (Lee, 2019). >Instagram has this selfie posting trend that is self-objectification with the presentation of perfect facial features. It affects the eating patterns of the viewers to achieve those body features (Cohen, Newton-John & Slater, 2017). >Picture about the body on Instagram is directly related to body dissatisfaction. The more a person is dissatisfied with the body, the more he takes selfies to find a better self-picture (Wagner, Aguirre, & Sumner, 2016). > >Social Comparison>Social comparison has affected the individuals' perceptions about self, and there are depression symptoms found after social comparison. It leads to competition among the individuals who want to have social control with their power or attractive appearance (Donnelly & Kuss, 2016). >Uses and Gratification Theory>Instagram usage is related to specific needs and motives. "Self-presentation" and "usage" are correlated with the number of followers on Instagram. Self-presentation and self-expression are essential motives for Instagram use (Ting, 2014). >Instagram addiction is positively associated with the uses and gratification of Instagram (Ponnusamy, Iranmanesh, Foroughi & Hyun, 2020). Users with different inclines, interests, and traits have different gratifications to be achieved through Instagram (Ryan, Chester, Reece, & Xenos, 2014).>Gratification is that outcome that users expect from the use of social media. The use of the internet, social media and specifically Instagram is hence a concern for the researchers to find the relationship between addictive use and gratification of the users (Donnelly, & Kuss, 2016).
Table 1. Research Gird
| Objectives width="207">Research Questions width="171">Hypothesis | > To find the usage of Instagram among university students width="207">What is the usage pattern and motives of Instagram among university students? width="171">
| > To investigate the correlation between motives and self-presentation width="207">To what extent are users interested in presenting themselves on Instagram?> width="171">More User interest in self-promotion, greater pseudo-self-portrayal on Instagram | > To explore user attitudes regarding beauty trends and celebrities width="207">What is the perception of Instagram users about social media celebrities and beauty trends? width="171">
| > To explore university students perception of Instagram width="207">What is the effect of Instagram on university students’ self-perception after comparing themselves with others? width="171" rowspan="2">The use of Instagram decreases the level of satisfaction among university students regarding their self and lifestyle. | > To find the level of satisfaction of Instagram users about self after comparing self with others. width="207">What is the level of satisfaction of Instagram users about self after comparing self with others? | > To find whether Instagram users are interested in taking any measure to look like social media celebrities. width="207">Whether Instagram users interested in taking any measure to look like social media celebrities? width="171">The use of Instagram develops students' Interest in beauty and weight loss procedures and products. |
Methodology
The researcher has adopted a quantitative research design seeking the usage pattern of Instagram and its effect on the self-perceptions of university students. The selected users' opinions about self-perceptions were gathered through the survey. The population of this study consisted of all Instagram users aged 18-29 years at universities. The sample has been withdrawn as representative of the population. The sample represents 18-29 years university students in Lahore who use Instagram comprising 320 respondents. >The following themes have been studied under the significant constructs of Social Interaction, Self-Promotion, and Well-being.>· Instagram Usage (adopted by Fardouly, Willburger, and Vartanian, 2017)>· Response to Beauty Ideals (adopted by Baker, Ferszt, and Breines, 2019)>· Comparing Self with Others (adopted by Baker, Ferszt, and Breines, 2019)>· Selfie Feedback Investment (adopted by Butkowski, Dixon, and Weeks, 2019)>· Physical Appearance Pride (adopted by Webb, Vinoski, Bonar, Davies, and Etzel, 2017)>· Body Satisfaction (adopted by Slater, Varsani, and Diedrichs, 2017)>· Body Appreciation (adopted by Slater, Varsani, and Diedrichs, 2017)>· Eating and Weight Loss Related Content (adopted by Webb, Vinoski, Bonar, Davies, and Etzel, 2017)>· Lifestyle Photos>· Pseudo Self Presentation
>Table 2. Conceptual and Operational Definitions, Measuring Scale, and Indicators of Variables border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="543">
S. No
width="73">Variable
width="103">Conceptual Definition
width="109">Operational Definition
width="85">Measuring scale
width="131">Indicators
1
width="73">Instagram usage
width="103">The use of Instagram
width="109">Measured in hours per day
width="85">Ordinal
width="131">Numbers of hours spend using Instagram
2
width="73">Frequency
width="103">The number of visits of Instagram
width="109">Measured in visits per day
width="85">Ordinal
width="131">Number of visits in a day
3
width="73">Motives
width="103">The goals or incentives sought
width="109">Gratification sought by the use of Instagram
width="85">Nominal
width="131">The reasons for using Instagram
4
width="73">Knowledge
width="103">Familiarity or information of something
width="109">The knowledge of beauty ideals
width="85">Nominal
width="131">Familiarity with beauty ideals
5
width="73">Response
width="103">Reaction to something
width="109">Response of the targeted users towards beauty ideals promoted on Instagram
width="85">5-point Likert scale
width="131">Attainable, appreciated, idealized or inspiration
6
width="73">Comparing appearance
width="103">Comparing self with the way someone looks
width="109">Comparing self with the appearance of others on Instagram
width="85">5-point Likert scale
width="131">Comparison of Skin tone, body shape, features, makeup and styling, dress, likes, and comments>Feeling about self after comparison
7
width="73">Idealization of celebrities
width="103">Representing someone as perfect
width="109">Consideration of Instagram celebrities as ideals
width="85">5-point Likert scale
width="131">The response towards Instagram celebrities
8
width="73">Feedback on photos
width="103">Reaction or comments on photos
width="109">Response of peers on Instagram photos
width="85">5-point Likert scale
width="131">Like and comments
9
width="73">Body visibility and skin exposure
width="103">Photos showing body and skin showing ideally beautiful body
width="109">Physical appearance pride photos on Instagram
width="85">5-point Likert scale
width="131">Attainable, appreciated
10
width="73">Lifestyle Photos
width="103">Photography showing lifestyle
width="109">Photos about lifestyle on Instagram
width="85">5-point Likert scale
width="131">Response on photos of the home, places they visit, dresses, accessories they have
11
width="73">Use of editing apps and cropped photos
width="103">Using photo editing mobile applications for presenting photos beautiful
width="109">Photos on Instagram posted after editing
width="85">5-point Likert scale
width="131">Response on pseudo presentation of self
12
width="73">Body satisfaction
width="103">Satisfaction about overall self, appearance, and life
width="109">Satisfaction with features, weight, and appearance
width="85">5-point Likert scale
width="131">Satisfaction level
13
width="73">Eating and weight loss related content
width="103">width="109">
Photos of the meal at a restaurant on Instagram
width="85">5-point Likert scale
width="131">Response on photos related to eating and weight loss
The response rate was 94.68%, as 303 out of 320 respondents filled and submitted the questionnaire. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS-23 with AMOS.> >Reliability of Tool>Cronbach's alpha is the statistical measure used to evaluate scale or test items' reliability or internal consistency.> >Data Analysis >Univariate or descriptive analysis of the data describes>and summarizes each variable individually and presents the patterns in the data. Univariate analysis is helpful to present the data in tabular and graphical forms. > >Demographics>This section presents the demographics of the respondents. The study explored five demographic variables. Table> 18 shows descriptions for gender (M=1.52, SD=0.500), age (M=2.06, SD=1.052), institute (M=2.48, SD=1.094) and department (M=2.46,>SD=1.120). >It is manifested that 146 (48.2%) study>participants were female, and 157 (51.8%) were male, while the total number of participants was 303.
>Table 3. Demographics of Participants border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
width="89" valign="top">
width="269" colspan="3" valign="top">
Demographics
Frequency
width="73">Percent
width="72">Mean
width="123">Standard deviation
Gender of the Users
width="89">width="73">
width="72">
1.52
width="123">.500
Male
width="89">157
width="73">51.8
width="72">width="123">
Female
width="89">146
width="73">48.2
width="72">width="123">
Age of the Users
width="89">width="73">
width="72">
2.06
width="123">1.052
18-20
width="89">109
width="73">36.0
width="72">width="123">
21-23
width="89">118
width="73">38.9
width="72">width="123">
24-26
width="89">26
width="73">8.6
width="72">width="123">
27-29
width="89">50
width="73">16.5
width="72">width="123">
Institute
width="89">width="73">
width="72">
2.48
width="123">1.094
Forman Christian College
width="89">74
width="73">24.4
width="72">width="123">
Government College University
width="89">80
width="73">26.4
width="72">width="123">
University of Central Punjab
width="89">80
width="73">26.4
width="72">width="123">
University of Punjab
width="89">69
width="73">22.8
width="72">width="123">
Department
width="89">width="73">
width="72">
2.46
width="123">1.120
Education
width="89">79
width="73">26.1
width="72">width="123">
Mass Communication
width="89">80
width="73">26.4
width="72">width="123">
Computer Science
width="89">71
width="73">23.4
width="72">width="123">
Psychology
width="89">73
width="73">24.1
width="72">width="123">
The findings after analysis are that 79 (26.1%) participants studied at the Department of Education, 80 (26.4%) studied at the Department of Mass Communication, 71 (23.4%) studied at the Department of Computer Science, and 73 (24.1%) studied at the Department of Psychology.
Social Interaction
The findings show that the number of participants using Instagram less than one hour per day was 25 (8.3%), 31 (10.2%) participants visit for 2 hours per day, 54 (17.8%) use for 3 hours per day, 96 (31.7%) use for 4 hours per day, and 97 (32%) spend more than 4 hours in a day, using Instagram. The majority of the participants spend four or more 4 hours on Instagram.
Response to Beauty Ideals
The analysis shows that 32 (10.6%) of the participants mostly met people who promote beauty ideals on Instagram, 112 (37%) participants encountered the beauty ideals very often, 99 (32.7%) often, 31 (10.2%) sometimes, and 29 (9.6%) rarely.
Comparing Self with Others
The descriptive analysis of questions related to comparing self with others has been discussed in detail. Table 21 shows the analysis of the comparison of appearance with others, including body shape (M=2.42, SD=1.060), skin tone (M=2.45, SD=1.044), features (M=3.56, SD=1.049), makeup and styling (M=3.54, SD=1.161), dress (M=3.65, SD=1.084), and likes and comments (M=3.47, SD=1.150) and Feeling after comparison including feel about life after comparison (M=3.38, SD=1.236) and feeling about the body after comparison (M=3.42, SD=1.255).
Celebrity Worship
Analysis of responses to the question of whether users believe celebrities are just like them but are intrigued and want attention themselves was rated with 5 (1.7%) totally disagreeing, 8 (5.9%) , 55 (18.25) were natural, 55 (18.25) rated. 144 (47.5%) agreed, and 81 (26.7%) totally agreed. Most participants agreed that celebrities are like ordinary people, self-obsessed, and want attention.
Selfie Feedback Investment
The descriptive analysis of the responses to selfie feedback investment questions includes concern about getting likes and positive comments (M=3.71, SD=1.077), appreciation of all kinds of comments (M=3.75, SD=0.972), and like to be appreciated (M=3.79, SD=1.024).
Self-Promotion
The responses to self-promotion questions include an appreciation for physical appearance pride photos (M=3.89, SD=0.910) and Interest in posting physical appearance photos (M=3.55, SD=1.203), which have been presented under this heading.
Physical Appearance Pride
The responses are recorded towards physical appearance pride photos, including an appreciation for physical appearance pride photos (M=3.89, SD=0.910) and Interesting in posting physical appearance photos (M=3.55, SD=1.203).
Lifestyle Photos
The descriptive analysis of the feeling after comparing lifestyle with others on Instagram has been recorded under the heading lifestyle photos in table 25. The questions include comparing home and feeling inadequate (M=3.65, SD=1.071), comparing traveling practice and feeling inadequate (M=3.96, SD=0.918), comparing styling, makeup skills, and accessories and feeling inadequate (M=3.68, SD=1.010), and comparing photography accessories and feeling inadequate (M=3.80, SD=1.009).
Pseudo Self Presentation
The responses to the questions about pseudo-self-presentation, including photos, are cropped and photoshopped (M=3.98, SD=0.919) and manipulation of photos with filters (M=3.73, SD=1.074).
Well-being
Body Appreciation
Table 27 shows the descriptive analysis of the responses to body appreciation questions including perception
about body after comparison; overall features (M=3.67, SD=0.971), hair (M=3.71, SD=0.949), body shape (M=3.51, SD=1.051), height (M=3.77, SD=0.923), skin tone (M=3.80, SD=0.961), weight (M=3.63, SD=0.987), and facial features (M=3.63, SD=1.087).
Body Satisfaction
Results show the descriptive analysis of the responses on questions about life satisfaction, including Interest in beauty products and procedures (M=3.77, SD=0.999), prefer posting other stuff (M=3.63, SD=1.087). Society only accepts those meeting beauty standards (M=3.85, SD=0.923), happy about self after using Instagram (M=3.64, SD=1.080), motives of getting relaxed (M=3.51, SD=1.112); and body satisfaction, including overall satisfaction with self (M=3.80, SD=0.974), thinking about self not good as others (M=3.57, SD=1.042), and feeling low in self-esteem (M=3.71, SD=1.077).
Eating and Weight Loss Related Content
Results show the descriptive analysis of eating and weight loss-related responses, including weight loss. Content on Instagram is inspiring to stay healthy, thin, and fit (M=3.51, SD=1.088), weight loss content on Instagram is frustrating (M=3.59, SD=1.117), gym photos are inspiring to stay fit and get perfect shape (M=3.49, SD=1.115), thinking of using beauty and weight loss products to look like Instagram (M=3.52, SD=1.193), and considering weight while eating for not getting fat (M=3.65, SD=1.155).
Multiple Regression
Multiple regression analysis has been used to predict the independent variable(s) effects on the dependent variable. Multiple regression assumes that data is typically distributed and a linear relationship between the dependent and independent variables.
The results of multiple regression show a positive correlation between social interaction and comparing self with others (R2=0.32), and significance F change is 0.008 (p<0.05), and it was the positive indicator. The histogram shows the data as normally distributed (M=7.13E-17, SD=0.997) with no skewness. Normal P-Plot of regression shows the values near the best fit line.
Figure 1
Histogram of comparing body shape with others
Figure 2
Normal P-Plot of Regression Standardized Residual for Comparing Shape with Others
KMO and Bartlett's Test
The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure shows the proportion of variance in the study's variables. Some factors can cause variance. KMO values close to 1.0 are high values that indicate that helpful factor analysis for the data. KMO values less than 0.50 are usually not valid. Bartlett's test of sphericity is used to tell if the correlation matrix is an identity matrix. For Bartlett's test, Small values (less than 0.05) of the significance level mean a factor analysis is suitable with the data.
>Table 3. KMO and Bartlett's Test border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="539">
KMO and Bartlett's Test
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.
width="250">.930
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square
width="250">0.033E4
df
width="250">1128
Sig.
width="250">.000
Bartlett's sphericity test indicates a correlation between the variables, and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure a 0.93 indicated satisfaction for the factor analysis. The test yielded a value of chi-square 0.0001063 at 1128 degrees of freedom with a p-value of 0.000, s correlation matrix has significant matrix sig> >Hypothesis Testing>Hypothesis testing is the way to test the observed and>developed assumptions. Null hypotheses have been tested, and a separate model has been made for each testing each hypothesis. In the end, the model has been tested and analyzed for being a good fit or not. The fifth and the last hypothesis has been tested by comparing means in SPSS 23. >H1: Usage of Instagram decreases the level of satisfaction among university students regarding their self and lifestyle.
>Table 4. Regression Estimates for Hypothesis-1 align="center">
| width="67%" colspan="4" valign="top"> The use of Instagram decreases the level of satisfaction among university students regarding their self and lifestyle. | > Estimate width="16%">S.E. width="19%">C.R. width="14%">P | > Satisfaction <… Use of Instagram width="16%">-0.202 width="16%">0.086 width="19%">-2.353 width="14%">0.019 | > Standardized Regression >Satisfaction <… Use of Instagram width="16%">-0.134 width="16%">width="19%"> width="14%">
|
Estimation of regression weights shows a positive relationship between Instagram use and decreased self and lifestyle satisfaction. It states that the model fits the data well. The finding supports the hypothesis of the p-value 0.01 (p?0.05). >H2: The use of Instagram develops students' Interest in beauty and weight loss procedures and products.>In addition, it indicated that the regression estimate (CFI=1.000, SRMR=0.10, RMSEA=0.045) for using Instagram as the independent variable and the Interest in using beauty and weight is Loss Products as the dependent variable, while the standardized estimate is -0.147.
Table 5. Regression Estimates for Hypothesis-4
| width="57%" colspan="4" valign="top"> The use of Instagram develops students' Interest in beauty and weight loss procedures and products. | > Estimate width="12%">S.E. width="13%">C.R. width="13%">P | > Interest in the use of beauty and weight loss products <… Use of Instagram width="18%">-2.10 width="12%">0.081 width="13%">-2.585 width="13%">0.010 | > Standardized Regression >Interest in the use of beauty and weight loss products <… Use of Instagram width="18%">-0.147 width="12%">width="13%"> width="13%">
|
Table 6. Regression Estimates of Effect of Instagram Usage on Satisfaction after Comparison
| width="77%" colspan="6" valign="top"> The Effect of Instagram Usage on Satisfaction after Comparison | > width="21%" valign="top"> width="13%"> Estimate width="12%">S.E. width="12%">C.R. width="9%">P | > Comparing body shape width="8%"><--- width="21%">Use width="13%">.074 width="12%">.049 width="12%">1.510 width="9%">.031 | > Comparing features width="8%"><--- width="21%">Use width="13%">-.011 width="12%">.048 width="12%">-.217 width="9%">.028 | > Comparing feedback width="8%"><--- width="21%">Use width="13%">.008 width="12%">.053 width="12%">.142 width="9%">.007 | > Comparing Lifestyle width="8%"><--- width="21%">Use width="13%">.147 width="12%">.049 width="12%">3.028 width="9%">.002 | > Comparing Styling width="8%"><--- width="21%">Use width="13%">.071 width="12%">.042 width="12%">1.685 width="9%">.092 | > Comparing Accessories width="8%"><--- width="21%">Visits width="13%">-.157 width="12%">.073 width="12%">-2.162 width="9%">.031 | > Comparing Body Shape width="8%"><--- width="21%">Visits width="13%">-.087 width="12%">.079 width="12%">-1.096 width="9%">.027 | > Comparing Features width="8%"><--- width="21%">Visits width="13%">-.104 width="12%">.072 width="12%">-1.438 width="9%">.050 | > Comparing Skin Tone width="8%"><--- width="21%">Visits width="13%">-.190 width="12%">.073 width="12%">-2.590 width="9%">.010 | > Happy about Self width="8%"><--- width="21%">Comparing body shape width="13%">-.231 width="12%">.055 width="12%">-4.188 width="9%">*** | > Happy about self width="8%"><--- width="21%">Comparing features width="13%">.051 width="12%">.056 width="12%">.901 width="9%">.068 | > Happy about self width="8%"><--- width="21%">Comparing feedback width="13%">.229 width="12%">.051 width="12%">4.441 width="9%">*** | > Satisfaction width="8%"><--- width="21%">Comparing lifestyle width="13%">.231 width="12%">.055 width="12%">4.180 width="9%">*** | > Happy about self width="8%"><--- width="21%">Comparing lifestyle width="13%">-.170 width="12%">.064 width="12%">-2.639 width="9%">.008 |
Conclusion
The study concluded that people are not satisfied with their appearance after comparing themselves to others on Instagram. People watch more appearance-related pictures and compare themselves with them. It creates dissatisfaction with their own selves about their appearance. It was found that there is no difference between the effects of Instagram on the self-perception of male and female students. The photos on Instagram affect both male and female users equally. The study also refuted the assumption of the uses and gratification theory and found that users are unhappy and dissatisfied with themselves after using Instagram. Their motive for getting relaxed was not fulfilled. The more young people got involved, the more discomfort and disappointment levels increased among them. They become more dissatisfied rather than being gratified.
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Cite this article
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APA : Pasha, S. A. (2021). Instagram Usage and Watching What Others are Doing:A Case Study of Lahore City. Global Regional Review, VI(II), 213-225. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2021(VI-II).24
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CHICAGO : Pasha, Saadia Anwar. 2021. "Instagram Usage and Watching What Others are Doing:A Case Study of Lahore City." Global Regional Review, VI (II): 213-225 doi: 10.31703/grr.2021(VI-II).24
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HARVARD : PASHA, S. A. 2021. Instagram Usage and Watching What Others are Doing:A Case Study of Lahore City. Global Regional Review, VI, 213-225.
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MHRA : Pasha, Saadia Anwar. 2021. "Instagram Usage and Watching What Others are Doing:A Case Study of Lahore City." Global Regional Review, VI: 213-225
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MLA : Pasha, Saadia Anwar. "Instagram Usage and Watching What Others are Doing:A Case Study of Lahore City." Global Regional Review, VI.II (2021): 213-225 Print.
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OXFORD : Pasha, Saadia Anwar (2021), "Instagram Usage and Watching What Others are Doing:A Case Study of Lahore City", Global Regional Review, VI (II), 213-225
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TURABIAN : Pasha, Saadia Anwar. "Instagram Usage and Watching What Others are Doing:A Case Study of Lahore City." Global Regional Review VI, no. II (2021): 213-225. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2021(VI-II).24