ARTICLE

EMERGENCE OF APPLICATION BASED TRANSPORTATION AND ITS IMPACTS ON TRAVELLING TRENDS A CASE STUDY OF LAHORE

22 Pages : 214-229

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(V-III).22      10.31703/grr.2020(V-III).22      Published : Sep 2020

Emergence of Application Based Transportation and its Impacts on Travelling Trends: A Case Study of Lahore

    The urban transportation system impacts the sustainable development of a country. Ride sourcing is a transportation model that operates under the notion of sharing economy. This study attempts to identify the changes in travel patterns of the users, particularly female users and their access to space. Focusing on how for the women in Lahore, the mobility has changed? The data for this research has been collected from passengers and drivers of ride-sourcing in Lahore through structured questionnaires. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to do the econometric analysis of consumers and drivers. Main findings indicate that for females, there is a significant shift in travel patterns from conventional modes (family car, public transportation) towards ride-sourcing. The results indicate that Uber and Careem has improved mobility as women feel secure in ride-sourcing services compared to public transportation. The female population of Lahore have started taking more trips because of car availability. The paper also tries to calculate the carbon emissions of ride-sourcing. The increasing number of cars is contributing to the city's worsening air pollution as the concept of 'one person in one car' prevails. The social impacts are positive, where women have become more mobile and independent because of app-based transportation.

    App Based Transportation, On-Demand Ride Service, Online Taxi, Ride Sharing, RideHailing and Transportation Network Companies
    (1) Hammna Jillani
    Teaching Associate, Department of Environmental Science & Policy (Lahore School of Economics), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Hesan Zahid
    Department of Commerce & Finance (G C University, Lahore), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Nosheen Rasool
    In-Charge, Department of Commerce & Finance (G C University, Lahore), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
  • Amirkiaee, S. Y., & Evangelopoulos, N. (2018). Why do people rideshare? An experimental study. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, 55, 9-24.
  • Amjid, S. S. M. Q., Bilal. M. S., Nazir, A., & Hussain. (2011).
  • Asian Development Bank. (2015). Policy brief: a safe public transportation environment for women and girls.
  • Aziz, A., & Bajwa, I. U. (2007). Erroneous mass transit system and its tended relationship with motor vehicular air pollution (An integrated approach for reduction of urban air pollution in Lahore). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 137(1-3), 25-33. doi:10.1007/s10661-007-9717-z
  • Badger, E. (2017). Is Uber Helping or Hurting Mass Transit? - The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/16/upshot/is-uber-helping-or-hurting-mass-transit.html
  • Beaton, S. P., Bishop, G. A., Zhang, Y., Stedman, D. H., Ashbaugh, L. L., & Lawson, D. R. (1995). On-Road Vehicle Emissions: Regulations, Costs, and Benefits. Science, 268(5213), 991-993. doi:10.1126/science.268.5213.991
  • Bhatt, P. & Pandey, K., & Yadav, P., Tripathi, Brijesh & kanth p, Chandra & Pandey, Manoj & Kumar, Manoj. (2015). Investigating the Charge Carrier Transport within the Hole-Transport Material Free Perovskite Solar Cell Processed in Ambient Air. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 10.1016/j.solmat.2015.04.028.
  • Bianco, M., & Lawson, C. (2011). Trip-Chaining, Childcare, and Personal Safety: Critical Issues in Women's Travel Behavior. PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi:10.1037/e736202011-010
  • Bocker, L., & Meelen, T. (2017). Sharing for people, planet or profit? Analyzing motivations for intended sharing economy participation. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 23, 28-39. doi: 10.1016/j.eist.2016.09.004
  • Dawes, M. (2016). Perspectives on the Ridesourcing Revolution : surveying individual attitudes toward Uber and Lyft to inform urban transportation policymaking. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  • Duchene, C. (2011) Gender and Transport, Discussion Paper. The International Transport Forum on Transport for Society, Leipzig, 11.
  • Emerson, S. (2016). Uber Wants Us to Think It's Environmentally Friendly, But Is It? - Motherboard. Retrieved from https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/78kkj9/is-uber-good-or-bad-for-the-environment
  • Ertz, M., Karakas, F., & Sarigöllü, E. (2016). Exploring pro-environmental behaviors of consumers: An analysis of contextual factors, attitude, and behaviors. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 3971-3980.
  • Faiz, A. (1993). Automotive emissions in developing countries-relative implications for global warming, acidification and urban air quality. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 27(3), 167-186. doi:10.1016/0965-8564(93)90057-r
  • Flores, O., & Rayle, L. (2017). How cities use regulation for innovation: the case of Uber, Lyft and Sidecar in San Francisco. Transportation Research Procedia, 25, 3756-3768. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.232
  • Gardner, N., & Cui, J., & Coiacetto, E. (2017). Harassment on public transport and its impacts on women's travel behaviour. Australian Planner. 54. 1-8. 10.1080/07293682.2017.1299189.
  • Gorham, R. (2002). Air pollution from ground transportation, an assessment of causes, strategies and tactics, and proposed actions for the international community (Rep.). United Nations: Division for Sustainable Development, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
  • Guria, N. (2015). Population Growth and its Effects on Environment: A Case Study of Bilaspur city. Vindhyan Journal,Rewa (MP). Issue 12. 57-63.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Limited.
  • Han, X., & Naeher, L. P. (2006). A review of traffic-related air pollution exposure assessment studies in the developing world. Environment International, 32(1), 106-120. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2005.05.020
  • Henao, A. (2017). Impacts of ridesourcing - lyft and uber - on transportation including vmt, mode replacement, parking, and travel behavior. University of Colorado at Denver, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. 10265243.
  • Horpedahl, J. (2015). Ideology Über Alles? Economics Bloggers on Uber, Lyft, and Other Transportation Network Companies. Econ Journal Watch, 12(3), 360-374.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1- 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Hyder, A. A., Ghaffar, A. A., Sugerman, D. E., Masood, T. I., & Ali, L. (2006). Health and Road Transport in Pakistan. Public Health, 120, 132-141.
  • Imran, M., & Low, N. (2003). Time to change the old paradigm: Promoting sustainable urban transport in Lahore, Pakistan. World Transport Policy & Practice 9(1): 32-39.
  • Imran, M. (2009). Public Transport in Pakistan: A Critical Overview. Journal of Public Transportation, 12(2), 53- 83. doi:10.5038/2375-0901.12.2.4
  • Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Towards Achieving the Objective of UNFCCC. (2015). http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published Documents/Brazil/1/BRAZIL iNDC engli sh FINAL.pdf
  • Javid, M. A., Okamura, T., Tanaka, S., Wang, R., & Nakamura, F. (2014). Public Perceptions to Travel Demand Management Measures in Lahore, Pakistan: Analysis and Implications. Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, 51(1), 17-29.
  • JICA. (1992). Study on air pollution control in Tokyo.
  • John, G., & Reve, T. (1982). The Reliability and Validity of Key Informant Data from Dyadic Relationships in Marketing Channels. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4), 517-524. doi:10.2307/3151724
  • Kakouei, A., Vatani, A., & Idris, A. K. (2012). An estimation of traffic related CO2 emissions motor vehicles in the capital city of, Iran. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, 9(1), 13. doi:10.1186/1735-2746-9-13
  • Kampa, M., & Castanas, E. (2008). Human health effects of air pollution. Environmental Pollution, 151(2), 362- 367. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.012
  • Lindau, T. (2015). Transport Plays a Key Role in Urban Air Quality | World Resources Institute. http://www.wri.org/blog/2015/02/transport-plays-key-role-urban-air-quality
  • Mirza, A. I. (2013). Systematized Traffic Pattern-Solution for Multiple Problems: A case study of traffic pattern at selected roads (Shahrah-e-Quaid-e- Azam) in Lahore. South Asian Studies, 28(2), 467- 477.
  • Mittal, R. (2013). Impact of population explosion on environment. Weschool Knowledge builder - the national journal.
  • Mohamad, J., & Kiggundu, A. T. (2007). The Rise of The Private Car in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. IATSS Research, 31(1), 69-77. doi:10.1016/s0386-1112(14)60185-0
  • Office of Transportation and Air Quality US EPA. (2014). Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle. https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/regulations-greenhousegas-emissions-passenger-cars-and
  • Pakistan Economic Survey. (2007-2008), (2013-2014), (2015-2016), (2016-2017)
  • Priya Utang, T., Singh, Y. J., & Helen Hagen, O. (2019). Social sustainability and transport: Making 'smart mobility 'socially sustainable. In M. R. Shirazi & R. Keivani (Eds.), Urban social sustainability: Theory, practice and policy (pp.59-77). Routledge.
  • Rasheed, M., & Shahid. (2018). Mobile App-Based Taxi Services and Customer Satisfaction: An Empirical Review from Lahore City, Pakistan. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 4(5). Retrieved from http://ijecm.co.uk/
  • Rayle, L., Dai, D., Chan, N., Cervero, R., & Shaheen, S. (2016). Just a better taxi? A survey-based comparison of taxis, transit, and ridesourcing services in San Francisco. Transport Policy, 45, 168-178. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.10.004
  • Rehan, M., & Farhan, M. (2012). Euro Standards for Vehicles. Retrieved from http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/pagesearch/Search-Engine2012/S.E619.php
  • SADAQA. (2018). Gender in Transportation: A Perspective of Women Users of Public Transportation
  • Salman, M., et al. (2014). Factors influencing Impulse Buying of Sports Team Merchandise in Developing Country: An Empirical Investigation. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 8(1), 185-200.
  • Sattar, W. (2016). . Retrieved from Reutres. www.reuters.com
  • Schulz, D., & S. Gilbert. 2000. Women and transit security: A new look at an old issue. Women and Transit Security. Women's Travel Issues Second National Conference, Baltimore, Maryland.
  • Segars, A. H. & Grover, V. (1998). Strategic information system planning success: An investigation of the construct and its measures. MIS Quarterly, 139-163.
  • Shah, R., & Goldstein, S.M. (2006). Use of structural equation modeling in operations management research: Looking back and forward.
  • Shaheen, S. (2016). Mobility and the sharing economy. Transport Policy, 51, 141-142.
  • Stark, J., & Meschik, M. (2018). Women's everyday mobility: Frightening situations and their impacts on travel behaviour. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, 54, 311-323.
  • WHO (World Health Organization). 2006. Air Quality Guidelines, Global Update 2005. Regional Office for Europe, WHO.
  • World Bank. (2014). Burden of Disease from the Joint Effects of Household and Ambient Air Pollution for 2012; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland
  • Wright, L., & Fjellstrom, K. (2003). Mass Transit Options. GTZ Transport and Mobility Group.
  • Yamini, J. S. (2019): Is smart mobility also gender-smart? Journal of Gender Studies, DOI: 10.1080/09589236.2019.1650728
  • Yasin, I., & Awan, M. A. N. (2018). Digitization of Transport Service in Pakistan: A Consumer Perspective. International Journal of Business and Management, 2(6), 17-22.
  • Zeb, A. (2017). When Uber Drives higher emissions in Pakistan | Climate Tracker. Retrieved from http://climatetracker.org/when-uber-drives-higher-emissions-in-pakistan/
  • Zhen, C. (2013). Impact of Ride-Sourcing Services On Travel Habits and Transportation Planning. University of Pittsburgh.

Cite this article

    APA : Jillani, H., Zahid, H., & Rasool, N. (2020). Emergence of Application Based Transportation and its Impacts on Travelling Trends: A Case Study of Lahore. Global Regional Review, V(III), 214-229. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(V-III).22
    CHICAGO : Jillani, Hammna, Hesan Zahid, and Nosheen Rasool. 2020. "Emergence of Application Based Transportation and its Impacts on Travelling Trends: A Case Study of Lahore." Global Regional Review, V (III): 214-229 doi: 10.31703/grr.2020(V-III).22
    HARVARD : JILLANI, H., ZAHID, H. & RASOOL, N. 2020. Emergence of Application Based Transportation and its Impacts on Travelling Trends: A Case Study of Lahore. Global Regional Review, V, 214-229.
    MHRA : Jillani, Hammna, Hesan Zahid, and Nosheen Rasool. 2020. "Emergence of Application Based Transportation and its Impacts on Travelling Trends: A Case Study of Lahore." Global Regional Review, V: 214-229
    MLA : Jillani, Hammna, Hesan Zahid, and Nosheen Rasool. "Emergence of Application Based Transportation and its Impacts on Travelling Trends: A Case Study of Lahore." Global Regional Review, V.III (2020): 214-229 Print.
    OXFORD : Jillani, Hammna, Zahid, Hesan, and Rasool, Nosheen (2020), "Emergence of Application Based Transportation and its Impacts on Travelling Trends: A Case Study of Lahore", Global Regional Review, V (III), 214-229
    TURABIAN : Jillani, Hammna, Hesan Zahid, and Nosheen Rasool. "Emergence of Application Based Transportation and its Impacts on Travelling Trends: A Case Study of Lahore." Global Regional Review V, no. III (2020): 214-229. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(V-III).22