ARTICLE

COLLATERAL DAMAGE AND RADICALIZATION PROCESS A CASE OF AMERICAN DRONE STRIKES POLICY IN FATA PAKISTAN

51 Pages : 478-488

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(IV-II).51      10.31703/grr.2019(IV-II).51      Published : Jun 2019

Collateral Damage and Radicalization Process: A Case of American Drone Strikes Policy in FATA, Pakistan

    This research is about the drone strikes conducted by the U.S. government in the FATA region of Pakistan from Afghanistan. Though FATA is not a declared war zone, the U.S. still continues to carry out drone attack there for a comparative number advantage of drone technology. This war tactic has been very effective in targeting some high-profile terrorists; it is not without side effects. There is a consensus of opinion that drones have killed numerous civilians in the process of targeting the terrorists. This research tries to develop an understanding of how collateral damage may work to the advantage of non-state actors and terrorist organizations and how it helps fuel the process of radicalization in the aggrieved community. Data is collected through secondary sources. It is a source of radicalization of aggrieved people who resort to revenge the death of their dear ones.

    Drone strikes, collateral damage, FATA, Afghanistan, Radicalization
    (1) Ayaz Ali Shah
    Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan.
    (2) Tila Mohammad
    M.Phil Scholar, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan.
    (3) Muhammad Saleem
    Associate Professor, Department of Law, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan.
  • Adams, L. (2010, September 19). Inside the mind of the Times Square bomber. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/19/times-square-bomber
  • Ahmed, A. (2013). The thistle and the drone: how America's war on terror became a global war on tribal Islam.Brookings Institution Press.
  • AmnestyInternational. (2013). http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA33/013/2013/en/041c08cb-fb54-47b3-b3fe-a72c9169e487/asa330132013en.pdfpapers3://publication/uuid/9011F831-7F48-4212-80F2-11202D56B828
  • Bartlett, J., Birdwell, J., & King, M. (2010). The Edge Of Violence A Radical Approach To Extremism. London: Demos. Retrieved from https://www.demos.co.uk/files/Edge_of_Violence_-_web.pdf
  • Benson, K. (2014). http://www.lexisnexis.com.libweb.lib.utsa.edu/lnacui2api/api/version1/getDocCui?lni=5BJG-01Y0-00CV-J0M1
  • Becker, J., & Shane, S. (2012, May 29). Secret http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/world/obamas-leadership-in-war-on-al-qaeda.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/world/obamas-leadership-in-war-on-al-qaeda.html
  • Bergen, P. (2013). Drone Wars The Constitutional and Counterterrorism Implications of Targeted Killing. Retrieved from https://static.newamerica.org/attachments/1530-testimony-drone-wars/Bergen_DroneWars_Testimony_4-23-2013.pdf
  • Bergen, P., & Doherty, P. C. (2010). Public Opinion in Pakistan's Tribal Regions. Retrieved from http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/FATApoll1.pdf
  • Borum, R. (2011). Radicalization into Violent Extremism I: A Review of Social Science Theories Radicalization into Violent Extremism I: A Review of Social Science. Journal of Strategic Security, 4(4), 7-36
  • Christmann, K. (2012). Preventing Religious Radicalisation and Violent Extremism
  • Costanza, W. A. (2015). Adjusting Our Gaze: An Alternative Approach to Understanding Youth Radicalization Adjusting Our Gaze: An Alternative Approach to Understanding. Journal of Strategic Security, 8(1), 1-15
  • Crenshaw, M. (2008). The Causes of Terrorism. Comparative Politics, 13(4), 379-399
  • Engelhardt, T. (2008, April 10). Catch 2,200_ Nine Propositions on the U.S.Air War for Terror. Truthout. Retrieved from http://www.truth-out.org/archive/item/77179-tom-engelhardt--catch-2200-nine-propositions-on-the-us-air-war-for-terror
  • Exum, D. K., & Mcdonald, A. (2009, May 16). Death From Above, Outrage Down Below. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/17/opinion/17exum.html
  • Ferguson, N., & Binks, E. (2015). Understanding Radicalization and Engagement in Terrorism through Religious Conversion Motifs. Journal of Strategic Security, 8(1), 16-26
  • Feyyaz, M. (2017). Religion , ethnicity , social organizations and terrorists' behavior a case of Taliban movement in Pakistan. Behav Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggreioral ssion, 4472(July
  • Friedersdorf, C. (2016, March). The Obama Administration's Drone-Strike Dissembling. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/03/the-obama-administrations-drone-strike-dissembling/473541/
  • Gentzkow, M. A., & Shapiro, J. M. (2004). Media, Education and Anti-Americanism in the Muslim World. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(3), 103-124
  • Gill, P. (2014). The Impact of Drone Attacks on Terrorism: The Case of Pakistan. New Ways of War: Is Remote Control Warfare Effective?, (June), 28-36. Retrieved from http://oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/sites/default/files/Remote Control Digest.pdf
  • Gopal, A. (2017, October 9). The Surge That Failed_ Afghanistan under the Bombs. RAWA News.Hansen, H. F. (2005). Choosing Evaluation Models. Evaluation, 11(4), 447-462.
  • IHRCRC. (2012). Living Under Drones Death, Injury, And Trauma To Civilians From Us Drone Practices In Pakistan. Stanford Law School And Nyu School Of Law.
  • Jones, S. G. (2017). The Terrorist Threat from Pakistan.Survival Global Politics and Strategy, 6338(July)
  • Judson, J. (2013). An examination of the collateral psychological and political damage of drone warfare in the FATA region of Pakistan.NAVAL POSTGRADUATE. Naval Postgraduate School
  • Kaltenthaler, K., Miller, W., & Fair, C. (2012). The Drone War: Pakistani Public Attitudes toward American Drone Strikes in Pakistan. Midwest Political Science Association Meetings, 1-25. Retrieved from https://www.uakron.edu/dotAsset/4823799c-34eb-4b4f-992e-ac4a2261e0c4.pdf
  • Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand, M. J., Bélanger, J. J., Sheveland, A., Hetiarachchi, M., & Gunaratna, R. (2014). The Psychology of Radicalization and Deradicalization: How Significance Quest Impacts Violent Extremism. Advances in Political Psychology, 35, 69-93.
  • Landinfo. (2011). Report Afghanistan: Blood feuds , traditional law ( pashtunwali ) and traditional conflict resolution. Oslo
  • Lindner, E. G. (2007). In Times of Globalization and Human Rights: Does Humiliation Become the Most Disruptive Force? Journal of Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies, (March).
  • Malini, D. S. (2017). Radicalisation Process Of The Terrorist. Journal of International Academy of Forensic Science & Pathology (JIAFP),5(1)
  • Mandel, D. R. (2017). Radicalization: What does it mean? In T. M. Pick, A. Speckhard, & B. Jacuch (Eds.), Homegrownterrorism: Understanding and addressing the root causes of radicalisation among groups with an immigrant heritage in Europe. IOS Press
  • Mayer, J. (2009, October). The Predator War. Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/10/26/the-predator-war
  • Mccauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of Political Radicalization: Pathways Toward Terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 19, 415-433
  • Mccauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2017). Understanding Political Radicalization: The Two-Pyramids Model. American Psychologist, 72(3), 205-216
  • Mccullough, M. E., Kurzban, R., & Tabak, B. A. (2012). Cognitive systems for revenge and forgiveness. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES, 1-58
  • Meggle, G. (2005). Collateral Damage. Retrieved from http://www.sozphil.uni-leipzig.de/cm/philosophie/files/2013/01/collateral-damage.pdf
  • Minhas, Z., & Qadir, A. (2014). THE US WAR ON TERROR AND THE DRONE ATTACKS IN. Pakistan Annual Research Journal, 50, 15-2
  • Moghadam, A. (2006). The Roots of Terrorism. New York: Chelsea House
  • ews, B. (2011, March 18). Pakistan_ Calls for revenge after U.S.drones kill 40. BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12784675
  • Nick Meo. (2009, May 30). Taliban recruits teenage suicide bombers for revenge attacks -. The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/5413052/Taliban-recruits-teenage-suicide-bombers-for-revenge-attacks.html
  • Open Society Foundations. (2014). After the Dead Are Counted: U.S.and Pakistani Responsibilities to Victims of Drone Strikes. Retrieved from https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/after-dead-are-counted-20141120.pdf
  • Pascoe, D. (2015). Is Diya A Form Of Clemency? Boston University International Law Journal, 34, 149-180
  • Peel, J., Godden, L., & Keenan, R. (2012). Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper, 1(573)
  • Schmid, A. P. (2013). Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review. The Hague.Retrieved from www.icct.nl
  • Shukla, A. (2015). The Pashtun Tribal Identity and Codes: THAAP Journal 2015: Culture, Art & Architecture of the Marginalized & the Poor, 45-6
  • Sluka, J. A. (2013). Death from above: UAVs and Losing Hearts and Minds. MILITARY REVIEW, (April).
  • Stephen, G. J., & Leonard, W. (2005). Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here.Forbes
  • Torres, W. J., & Bergner, R. M. (2010). Humiliation: Its Nature and Consequences. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 38(2), 195-204
  • Vedung, E. (2000). EVERT. In Public Policy and Program Evaluation. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers
  • Veldhuis, T., & Staun, J. (2009). Islamist Radicalisation: A Root Cause Model. The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. Retrieved from https://www.diis.dk/files/media/publications/import/islamist_radicalisation.veldhuis_and_staun.pdf
  • Walsh, J. I. (2013). The Effectiveness Of Drone Strikes In Counterinsurgency And Counterterrorism Campaigns. Carlisle
  • Widmark, A. (2010). (2) Experiences of Revenge as Reflected in the Contemporary Pashto Short Story _ Anders Widmark -Academia. inter-disciplinary.net. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/3154061/Experiences_of_Revenge_as_Reflected_in_the_Contemporary_Pashto_Short_S
  • Wilner, A., & Dubouloz, C.-J. (2009). HomegrownTerrorism and Transformative Learning: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding Radicalization. In Canadian Political Science Association Conference(pp. 1-26). Retrieved from https://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2009/Wilner-Dubouloz.pdf
  • ROHDE, D. (2015, April 28). Warren Weinstein and the Need to End Signature Drone Strikes -The Atlantic. The Atlantic
  • Zenko, M. (2013). Reforming US Drone Strike Policies. Council on Foreign Relations Special Report, (65), 1-53. Retrieved from http://i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Drones_CSR65.pdf
  • Siddique, Q. (2013). The United States' Drone Program in Pakistan: An Analysis of the Efficacy and the Pakistani Government's Complicity. Centre For International and Strategic Analysis
  • Shah, A. (2016, May 17). Drone Blowback in Pakistan is a Myth . Here's Why. The Washington Post, pp. 17-20. Retrieved from
  • Shah, A. (2016, May 17). DroneShah, A. (2016, May 17). Drone Blowback in Pakistan is a Myth . Here's Why. The Washington Post, pp. 17-20. Retrieved from
  • Hari, J. (2010, October 15). Obama's Escalating Robot War in Pakistan Is Making a Terror Attack More Likely. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from
  • Hari, J. (2010, October 15). Obama's Escalating Robot War in Pakistan Is Making a Terror Attack More Likely. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from

Cite this article

    APA : Shah, A. A., Mohammad, T., & Saleem, M. (2019). Collateral Damage and Radicalization Process: A Case of American Drone Strikes Policy in FATA, Pakistan. Global Regional Review, IV(II), 478-488. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(IV-II).51
    CHICAGO : Shah, Ayaz Ali, Tila Mohammad, and Muhammad Saleem. 2019. "Collateral Damage and Radicalization Process: A Case of American Drone Strikes Policy in FATA, Pakistan." Global Regional Review, IV (II): 478-488 doi: 10.31703/grr.2019(IV-II).51
    HARVARD : SHAH, A. A., MOHAMMAD, T. & SALEEM, M. 2019. Collateral Damage and Radicalization Process: A Case of American Drone Strikes Policy in FATA, Pakistan. Global Regional Review, IV, 478-488.
    MHRA : Shah, Ayaz Ali, Tila Mohammad, and Muhammad Saleem. 2019. "Collateral Damage and Radicalization Process: A Case of American Drone Strikes Policy in FATA, Pakistan." Global Regional Review, IV: 478-488
    MLA : Shah, Ayaz Ali, Tila Mohammad, and Muhammad Saleem. "Collateral Damage and Radicalization Process: A Case of American Drone Strikes Policy in FATA, Pakistan." Global Regional Review, IV.II (2019): 478-488 Print.
    OXFORD : Shah, Ayaz Ali, Mohammad, Tila, and Saleem, Muhammad (2019), "Collateral Damage and Radicalization Process: A Case of American Drone Strikes Policy in FATA, Pakistan", Global Regional Review, IV (II), 478-488
    TURABIAN : Shah, Ayaz Ali, Tila Mohammad, and Muhammad Saleem. "Collateral Damage and Radicalization Process: A Case of American Drone Strikes Policy in FATA, Pakistan." Global Regional Review IV, no. II (2019): 478-488. https://doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(IV-II).51